Python内置函数(12)——compile

英文文档：
compile(source, filename, mode, flags=0, dont_inherit=False, optimize=-1)

Compile the source into a code or AST object. Code objects can be executed by exec() or eval(). source can either be a normal string, a byte string, or an AST object. Refer to the ast module documentation for information on how to work with AST objects.

The filename argument should give the file from which the code was read; pass some recognizable value if it wasn’t read from a file ('<string>'
is commonly used).

The mode argument specifies what kind of code must be compiled; it can be 'exec' if source consists of a sequence of statements, 'eval' if it consists of a single expression, or 'single' if it consists of a single interactive statement (in the latter case, expression statements that evaluate to something other than None will be printed).

The optional arguments flags and dont_inherit control which future statements (see PEP 236) affect the compilation of source. If neither is present (or both are zero) the code is compiled with those future statements that are in effect in the code that is calling compile(). If the flagsargument is given and dont_inherit is not (or is zero) then the future statements specified by the flags argument are used in addition to those that would be used anyway. If dont_inherit is a non-zero integer then the flags argument is it – the future statements in effect around the call to compile are ignored.

Future statements are specified by bits which can be bitwise ORed together to specify multiple statements. The bitfield required to specify a given feature can be found as the compiler_flag attribute on the _Feature
instance in the future module.

The argument optimize specifies the optimization level of the compiler; the default value of -1 selects the optimization level of the interpreter as given by -O options. Explicit levels are 0 (no optimization; __debug__ is true), 1 (asserts are removed, __debug__ is false) or 2 (docstrings are removed too).

This function raises SyntaxError if the compiled source is invalid, and ValueError if the source contains null bytes.

If you want to parse Python code into its AST representation,see ast.parse().

Note: When compiling a string with multi-line code in 'single' or 'eval' mode, input must be terminated by at least one newline character. This is to facilitate detection of incomplete and complete statements in the code
module.

Changed in version 3.2: Allowed use of Windows and Mac newlines. Also input in 'exec' mode does not have to end in a newline anymore. Added the optimize parameter.

Changed in version 3.5: Previously, TypeError was raised when null bytes were encountered in source.

说明：

1. 将source编译为代码或者AST对象。代码对象能够通过exec语句来执行或者eval()进行求值。

2. 参数source：字符串或者AST（Abstract Syntax Trees）对象。即需要动态执行的代码段。

3. 参数 filename：代码文件名称，如果不是从文件读取代码则传递一些可辨认的值。当传入了source参数时，filename参数传入空字符即可。

4. 参数model：指定编译代码的种类，可以指定为 ‘exec’,’eval’,’single’。当source中包含流程语句时，model应指定为‘exec’；当source中只包含一个简单的求值表达式，model应指定为‘eval’；当source中包含了交互式命令语句，model应指定为'single'。

>>> #流程语句使用exec
>>> code1 = 'for i in range(0,10): print (i)'
>>> compile1 = compile(code1,'','exec')
>>> exec (compile1)
0123456789

>>> #简单求值表达式用eval
>>> code2 = '1 + 2 + 3 + 4'
>>> compile2 = compile(code2,'','eval')
>>> eval(compile2)
10

>>> #交互语句用single
>>> code3 = 'name = input("please input your name:")'
>>> compile3 = compile(code3,'','single')
>>> name #执行前name变量不存在
Traceback (most recent call last): 
  File "<pyshell#29>", line 1, in <module> 
    name
NameError: name 'name' is not defined
>>> exec(compile3) #执行时显示交互命令，提示输入
please input your name:'pythoner'
>>> name #执行后name变量有值
"'pythoner'"