Step one 单词与词组
(1)lead n.铅
(2)explicit adj.清楚的,明白的 adv.explicitly
the contrast could not have been made more explicit.
This idea was first stated explicitly in Newton’s Principia Mathematica,published in 1687, and is known as Newton’s first law.
(3)proportional adj.成比例的
the body will accelerate, or change its speed, at a rate that is proportional to the force. 物体会以与作用力成比例的速度改变其运动的速度。
(4)elliptical,spiral
If the law were that the gravitational attraction of a star went down faster or increased more rapidly with distance, the orbits of the planets would not be elliptical, they would either spiral in to the sun or escape from the sun.
通过比较亚里士多德和伽利略的关于运动的理论,关键点在于亚里士多德认为有绝对静止状态,从而引入参照系的概念
运动 到 空间 再到时间 再到光速的测量 再到电磁学
没有绝对静止(牛顿)与光速固定(麦克斯韦)的结合==》ether的物质==》朝着光源移动和不朝着光源移动时测量的光速相等 ether被推翻==》(爱因斯坦相对论&庞加莱)抛弃了ether,提出相对时间==》牛顿认为:距离不绝对,时间绝对,所以速度不同;爱因斯坦认为:距离不绝对,光速固定,所以时间不绝对;时间不能完全从空间剥离出来,所以有了时空这一概念
三维坐标定义的局限性(对天体位置及银河系的位置)引出四维定义,在二维平面上表示(没大看懂),事件的发生向外辐射(圆锥体形式),我们所看到的的都是已经发生过的。
狭义相对论,不考虑万有引力的影响,证明了在所有观察者中光速一致,与万有引力定律矛盾,因为作用力与距离有关,这就要求作用力的改变速度是无限快的,这与相对论中速度不能超过光速相矛盾
广义相对论,万有引力的产生是因为时空不是平的;物体在四维空间中沿着直线运动,但是在三维空间中表现为曲线运动。(地球和太阳在时空中是直线运动,但是在三维空间中是在圆形轨道中运动。)其他行星轨道的偏离证实了广义相对论的预测
(5)identical adj.完全相同的;非常相似的
four identical houses
(6)elongated adj.拉长的,偏长的 longer than normal
the picture shows two elongated figures dancing.
(7)hail v.被称为...,被誉为...
she was hailed as a mew Marilyn Monroe.
(8)reconciliation n.和解,调停
This proof of a German theory by British scientists was hailed as a great act of reconciliation between the two countries after the war.
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