6. Evaluate the following arguments, following the approach you learned in Chapter 7. Take care to avoid the errors in thinking discussed in this and previous chapters.
a. Background note:From time to time people have challenged the recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance in public schools. Their objection is usually to the words “under God.” Their reasoning is as follows:
Argument:Apublic school recitation that claims the United States is “under God” is an endorsement of religion and thus violates the constitutional requirement that church and state be kept separate. Therefore, the recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance should not be permitted.
b. Background note: More and more communities are trying to do something about the growing problem of litter, which is not only unsightly but in many cases unsanitary and dangerous. Here is an argument addressing one aspect of the problem:
Argument:Things that have monetary value are less likely to be discarded (or at least more likely to be recovered) than things that don’t have such value. For that reason a twenty-five-cent deposit on bottles and cans would virtually eliminate that part of the litter problem.
6、运用在第七章学到的方法，评论下列论点，注意避免在本章和前几章中讨论的思维错误。
a、背景说明：人们不时的质疑公立学校关于《宣誓效忠》的背诵，他们反对的通常是“在上帝之下”，理由如下：
论点：公立学校背诵声称美国是在“上帝之下”，这是对宗教的认可，违反了宪法中关于政治与宗教应当分离的要求。因此，《宣誓效忠》的背诵不应被允许。
b、背景说明：越来越多的社区试图解决垃圾问题，这不仅影响美观，在大多数情况下还是不卫生且危险的。这里有一个关于这个问题的一方面的论点。
论点：相比没有价值的东西，有货币价值的东西不太可能被丢弃（或者至少更有可能被回收）。在这个原因下，瓶子、罐子需要交25美分的押金能够消除那一部分的垃圾问题。
网友评论