系列笔记基于达澈生物讲座视频,从中初步学习了解生信分析中常遇到的组学分析技术。
ChIP-seq和 CUT&Tag、CUT&RUN讲座视频笔记 - 简书
ATAC-seq讲座视频笔记 - 简书
CLIP、RIP-seq讲座视频笔记 - 简书
Ribo-seq讲座视频笔记 - 简书
RIC-seq讲座视频学习 - 简书
(eccDNA)circle-seq讲座视频学习 - 简书
1、背景(RNA结构研究)
- 近年来,对于RNA的 Secondary Structure and Its Influence on Gene Regulation 研究越来越多,随之提出的就是许多测序手段,例如之前学到的clip-seq、rip-seq等研究RBP在RNA的分布、特定RNA修饰等(其它类似技术在笔记最后会提下)
- 但这些方法都不能准确的解析远距离的、非互补配对的RNA-RNA间相互作用;尽管一般RNA间相互作用都是通过蛋白介导的。
- 在2020年5月,由我国学者提出的RIC-seq发表在NATURE上,用于研究intra- and intermolecular RNA–RNA interactions.即单RNA两处片段互作,或者RNA间互作关系
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2249-1
image from the paper
2、RIC-seq
- RNA in situ conformation sequencing ,RNA原位构象测序
- 实验方法步骤与之前学习的HiC很相像,可以理解为RNA版本的HiC
2.1 实验步骤(HeLa cell)
如下图,感觉基本类似hiC
image from original paper
- 第一阶段: In situ 原位,即保持细胞完整性的条件下
(1) HeLa cells are crosslinked with formaldehyde and permeabilized with detergents;
细胞内RNA构象用甲醛交联固定
(2) RNAs are randomly cut with micrococcal nuclease and dephosphorylated at their 3′ overhangs;
用MNase酶切割,筛选RBP绑定的两条互作RNA片段,并且去磷酸化
(3) the RNA 3′ end is labelled with pCp–biotin and subsequently treated with FastAP alkaline phosphatase to remove the 3′ phosphate group from ‘Cp–biotin’, and the 5′ overhangs are phosphorylated with T4 polynucleotide kinase (PNK);
这一步主要是在3'端加pCp生物素标记,5'端磷酸化
(4) all the resulting RNA fragments in close proximity are ligated under in situ and non-denaturing conditions ;
近端连接,整体上类似数字8的结构 - 第二阶段:In vitro 在体外,即细胞裂解,释放RNA
(1)total RNA is extracted and fragmented (into fragments approximately 90-nt in length), the RNAs containing C–biotin (about 100 nt) are enriched
提取“8”性状的RNA结构,打成片段,富集含有生物素标记的chimeric read。
Each chimeric read represented one interaction between two different RNA fragments. 如下图,左边表示的是intramolecular RNA–RNA interactions;右边表示的是intermolecular RNA–RNA interactions.
image from paper
(2)then converted into strand-specific libraries for sequencing (about 260 bp in length)
最后片段测序,片段长度集中分布在260bp左右
2.2 结果比对
- 得到测序后的fastqc后,最重要的一步就是比对参考基因组,然后得到the set of chimeric reads representing useful data for determining RNA structures and RNA–RNA interactions.
-
主要步骤如下图所示
image from paper
(1)rawdata → clean data
FASTQC、trimgalore、cutadapt.......
(2)去除rRNA(核糖体RNA)
将序列比对到rRNA参考基因组中,未成功比对上的就是mRNA
(3)将余下的reads比对到参考基因组,文章使用的是STAR比对软件,所用到的参数是
STAR --runMode alignReads --genomeDir index --readFilesIn read.fq \
--outFileNamePrefix outprefix --outFilterMultimapNmax 100 \
--outSAMattributes All --alignIntronMin 1 --scoreGapNoncan -4 \
--scoreGapATAC -4 --chimSegmentMin 15 --chimJunctionOverhangMin 15
此外还用到了额外的三个参数,以提高reads quality
--alignSJoverhangMin 15 --alignSJDBoverhangMin 10 \
--alignSJstitchMismatchNmax 5 -1 5 5
如上图中的Chimerically mapped reads、Gapped reads、Aligned pairs含义及关系暂时还没有弄清楚。下图是paper里最后的比对结果
image from paper
2.3 数据分析
- 在得到Chimeric pair-tags数据后就可以进行深入的,有关RNA二级结构的有关探索了;
- 具体就不介绍了,可参看原文文献,展示下paper里的几张图
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2249-1
RIC-seq recapitulates known structures of TERC.
image.png
RNA 3D map showing RNA–RNA interactions across all chromosomes.
image.png
Circos plot showing the MALAT1-, NEAT1- and CCAT1-interacting RNAs.
image.png
A model of CCAT1-5L-mediated chromatin looping on the transcriptional activation of MYC. K, hnRNPK; dashed lines, dimerization.
image.png
2.4 应用范围
- 利用图谱信息,可以在全景式的鉴定出RNA靶标;
- 识别出RNA拓扑结构域以及反式互作中心(跨染色体的rna)
- 增强子和启动子的深入研究
- 鉴定RNA互作中心点
- lncRNA的进一步研究等等
附:近十几年来研究RNA结构的一些方法以及特征
-
2003 clip -- science
ultraviolet cross-linking and immunoprecipitation
RNA-protein, RP -
2010 iclip -- nature structure & molecular biology
individual-nucleotide resolution clip
单碱基分辨率的clip -
2013 structure-seq -- nature
实验关键:DMS(dimethyl sulphate)对为保护的A/C碱基甲基化
拟南芥 -
2013 DMS-seq -- nature
实验关键:DMS(dimethyl sulphate)对为保护的A/C碱基甲基化
酵母和哺乳类细胞 -
2014 CLASH
cross-linking ligation and sequencing of hybrids
首次推出高通量鉴定RNA-RNA互作靶点---近端连接(hybrids) -
2015 icSHAPE -- nature
首次在活细胞中以全局方式观察含有四碱基的RNA二级结构 -
2016 PARIS -- Resource
psoralen analysis of RNA interactions and structures
reversible psoralen cross-linking 可逆补骨脂素交联方法,连接两条互作链(不需要蛋白结合),然后近端连接 -
2017 hi Clip
RNA hybrid and individual-nucleotide resolution clip
在全转录组水平上鉴定与RBP结合的特定RNA复合体的方法
近端连接(hybrids) -
相关文献如下
- CLIP identifies Nova-regulated RNA networks in the brain. Science, 2003.
- iCLIP reveals the function of hnRNP particles in splicing at individual nucleotide resolution. Nat Struct Mol Biol, 2010.
- Mapping the miRNA interactome by cross-linking ligation and sequencing of hybrids (CL .ASH). Nat Protoc, 2014.
- Genome-wide probing of RNA structure reveals active unfolding of mRNA structures in vivo. Nature, 2014.
- In vivo genome-wide profiling of RNA secondary structure reveals novel regulatory features. Nature, 2014.
- Structural imprints in vivo decode RNA regulatory mechanisms. Nature, 2015.
- RNA Duplex Map in Living Cells Reveals Higher-Order Transcriptome Structure. Cell, 2016.
- hiCLIP to identify RNA duplexes that interact with a specific RNA- -binding protein. Nature Protocols, 2017.
- RIC-seq for global in situ profiling of RNA- -RNA spatial interactions. Nature, 2020.
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