3-a-1
When economists began to measure the sources of economic growth, what previously been considered an unexplained residual - an unexplained factor - became identified as human capital.
当经济学家开始计量经济增长的来源时，以前无法解释的残差——无法解释的经济增长因子——现在定义为“人力资本”。
3-a-2
The term "human capital" sometimes suggests a depersonalization of the individual and is associated in the popular mind with a dehumanizing society that equates men with machines. In fact. it is just the other way around.
“人力资本”这一术语有时暗示着个人的人格解体，并和将人与机器等同的剥夺人性的社会联系在一起。事实却恰恰相反。
3-a-3
But human capital also improves the adaptability and allocative efficiency of resources in society. It allows agents to allocate resources more effectively across tasks. It enhances the ability of agents to adapt to change and to respond to new opportunihes.
但是，人力资本也提高了社会资源的适应性和配置效率，允许劳动者完成任务时更有效地配置资源，增强了劳动者适应变化并响应新机会的能力。
3-a-4
Greater skill also facilitates worker mobility across occupations, industries and regions in response to new opportunities, and helps people realIocate resources, both human and physical, toward more productive opportunities, and even to realize that those opportunities exist.
技能更高也促进了劳动者跨职业、跨行业、跨地区间流动，以响应全新的机会，并帮助人们重新配置人力和物力资源，使之用到产出更高的产业——甚至让他们意识到这些机会的存在。
3-a-5
Capital and skill are complementary. Each factor raises the productivity of the other. An investment strategy that emphasizes physical capital to the exclusion of human capital fails to capture the benefits that can arise from a more balanced investment stralegy.
资本和技能互补。每个因子都会提高对方的生产力。如果投资策略偏向物质资本、忽视人力资本，就不能收获更均衡投资策略所带来的好处。
3-a-6
Estimating the rate of return to education in China in the way economists in Western economies ordinarily do, you will find that the rate of return to education in China in the early 1990s is about 4%.
按照西方经济学家通常采用的方式来估计中国的教育回报率，你会发现20世纪初中国的教育回报率大约是4%。
3-a-7
Another way to foster human capital that entails less direct cost to government is to free up labor markets for human capital. A free labor market that allows the same kind of incentives to operate as those that increasingly govern capital markets and product markets in China would go a long way toward promoting skill formation.
另外，发展人力资本却需要政府花费较少成本的途径是完全开放人力资本市场。一个自由的劳动力市场能够让中国资本市场和产品市场上同样的激励机制发挥作用，这对促进技能的形成大有帮助。
3-a-8
Eliminating regional disparity in wages and opening up markets to aIlow freedom of migration and pursuit of opportunities throughout China would enhance economic development. So would a centralized educational finance policy that serves to allocate governmental funds from the center more evenly across the regions and among rural and urban areas.
消除工资的区域差异、彻底开放市场，允许人口自由流动、在中国各地寻求机会，这会促进经济发展。集中的财政教育政策将使中央政府资金更加均匀地分配到各个地区和农村、城市地区。
3-a-9
For this system to operate effectively, credit markets for schooling should be developed to allow students to borrow against their future earnings. In the absence of such markets, only potential students from wealthy families can pay tuition charges which currently are as high as 50% of mean income. Inequality will be increased across the generations if only the rich can send their children to school.
为了使这一系统有效运作，应发展教育信贷市场，允许学生以未来的收入为抵押进行借贷。如果没有这样的市场，那么唯有富裕家庭的学生才能支付目前高达平均收入50%的学费。如果只有富人才能送孩子上学，那么下一代的不平等就会增加。
3-a-10
Another potentially important policy goal might be to promote ties between industry and universities. Some universities have begun such partnerships but there is much room for growth of these productive arrangements. Such partnerships allow the universities to respond to practical problems, and therefore help local indusl try solve some of the problems that accompany the introduction and improvement of technology. This will improve the efficiency of the region and will provide a source of financing by private industry for the educational enterprise.
另外一个重要的政策目标可能是促进工业和大学之间的联系。有些大学已经开始建立这种合作关系，但这种富有成效的合作还有很大的发展空间。这种合作关系使大学能够对实际问题作出反应，从而帮助当地产业解决技术引进和技术改革带来的问题。这将提高该地的生产效率，并为教育私企提供融资渠道。
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