Flutter系列学习笔记
- Flutter笔记——handleDrawFrame帧绘制系列之一(源码学习)
- Flutter笔记——runApp发生了什么(源码学习)
- Flutter笔记——State.setState发生了什么(源码学习)
- 用Dart写的身份证号校验代码(可用于flutter项目)
- HelloDart-构造函数特性
- HelloDart-MixIn，土话记录多继承机制
- Flutter笔记——MethodChannel(Native&Flutter数据交互)
- Flutter笔记——FlutterActivity
前言
前两篇文章Flutter笔记——runApp发生了什么(源码学习)和Flutter笔记——State.setState发生了什么学习了Flutter中runApp()、修改UI元素State.setState()过程。
这篇文章主要学习的是Flutter中实际渲染UI的过程。
1 BaseBinding
BaseBinding系列是FlutterFramework的核心类，学习Flutter的UI渲染过程会涉及到WidgetsBinding、RenderBinding、SchedulerBinding等。由于Dart的mixIn菱形继承语法，该部分比较难搞明白，只能从局部入手，抽丝剥茧般的去学习理解整体流程。
1.1 handleDrawFrame
在我的Flutter笔记——runApp发生了什么(源码学习)文章中，了解到WidgetsFlutterBinding.scheduleWarmUpFrame()函数用于调度展示一个预热帧。而WidgetsFlutterBinding.scheduleAttachRootWidget(Widget rootWidget)函数使用Timer包裹，作为一个异步执行函数，在它执行完毕之时最终会调用WidgetsBinding.handleDrawFrame()函数绘制帧。
那么handleDrawFrame()函数到底发生了什么？
mixin WidgetsBinding on BindingBase, ServicesBinding, SchedulerBinding, GestureBinding, RendererBinding, SemanticsBinding {
void handleDrawFrame() {
assert(_schedulerPhase == SchedulerPhase.midFrameMicrotasks);
Timeline.finishSync(); // end the "Animate" phase
try {
// PERSISTENT FRAME CALLBACKS
_schedulerPhase = SchedulerPhase.persistentCallbacks;
for (FrameCallback callback in _persistentCallbacks)
_invokeFrameCallback(callback, _currentFrameTimeStamp);
// POST-FRAME CALLBACKS
_schedulerPhase = SchedulerPhase.postFrameCallbacks;
final List<FrameCallback> localPostFrameCallbacks =
List<FrameCallback>.from(_postFrameCallbacks);
_postFrameCallbacks.clear();
for (FrameCallback callback in localPostFrameCallbacks)
_invokeFrameCallback(callback, _currentFrameTimeStamp);
} finally {
_schedulerPhase = SchedulerPhase.idle;
Timeline.finishSync(); // end the Frame
assert(() {
if (debugPrintEndFrameBanner)
debugPrint('▀' * _debugBanner.length);
_debugBanner = null;
return true;
}());
_currentFrameTimeStamp = null;
}
}
}
首先学习WidgetsBinding类，见注释
Scheduler for running the following:
- Transient callbacks, triggered by the system's [Window.onBeginFrame] callback, for synchronizing the application's behavior to the system's display. For example, [Ticker]s and [AnimationController]s trigger from these.
- Persistent callbacks, triggered by the system's [Window.onDrawFrame] callback, for updating the system's display after transient callbacks have executed. For example, the rendering layer uses this to drive its rendering pipeline.
- Post-frame callbacks, which are run after persistent callbacks, just before returning from the [Window.onDrawFrame] callback.
- Non-rendering tasks, to be run between frames. These are given a priority and are executed in priority order according to a [schedulingStrategy]
简单理解下，该类主要作用就是调度帧渲染任务，当然也可以运行非渲染任务。主要是瞬间渲染、持久渲染与渲染回调任务等，例如持久的帧渲染监听注册WidgetsBinding.instance.addPersistentFrameCallback(callback)就是该类的作用了。
回到handleDrawFrame()函数，这里面循环执行SchedulerBinding._persistentCallbacks与SchedulerBinding._postFrameCallbacks的注册回调之外，好像没做其他事情哦？那么线索断了吗？
事情并不简单.jpg
1.2 initInstances
这里吐槽下mixIn菱形继承，这个语法特性真的香吗？
这里把眼光回到BaseBinding系列的初始化函数中，我们可以在RendererBinding.initInstances()函数中，找到SchedulerBinding.addPersistentFrameCallback(FrameCallback callback)函数的调用，这意味着在RendererBinding.initInstances()初始化阶段，已经注册了一个关键函数，噔噔瞪，见下面源码
mixin RendererBinding on BindingBase, ServicesBinding, SchedulerBinding, GestureBinding, SemanticsBinding, HitTestable {
@override
void initInstances() {
super.initInstances();
_instance = this;
_pipelineOwner = PipelineOwner(
onNeedVisualUpdate: ensureVisualUpdate,
onSemanticsOwnerCreated: _handleSemanticsOwnerCreated,
onSemanticsOwnerDisposed: _handleSemanticsOwnerDisposed,
);
window
..onMetricsChanged = handleMetricsChanged
..onTextScaleFactorChanged = handleTextScaleFactorChanged
..onPlatformBrightnessChanged = handlePlatformBrightnessChanged
..onSemanticsEnabledChanged = _handleSemanticsEnabledChanged
..onSemanticsAction = _handleSemanticsAction;
initRenderView();
_handleSemanticsEnabledChanged();
assert(renderView != null);
//重点
addPersistentFrameCallback(_handlePersistentFrameCallback);
initMouseTracker();
}
//重点
void _handlePersistentFrameCallback(Duration timeStamp) {
drawFrame();
}
}
我们可以看到，在SchedulerBinding._persistentCallbacks已经注册了drawFrame函数回调，到了这里handleDrawFrame渲染帧的线索又接上了，接着往下看。
1.3 drawFrame
drawFrame()函数有2处实现(有一处Test环境，忽略)，并且都被WidgetsFlutterBinding继承，这个mixIn真的香吗？
香吗.jpg
mixin RendererBinding on BindingBase, ServicesBinding, SchedulerBinding, GestureBinding, SemanticsBinding, HitTestable {
void drawFrame() {
assert(renderView != null);
pipelineOwner.flushLayout();
pipelineOwner.flushCompositingBits();
pipelineOwner.flushPaint();
renderView.compositeFrame(); // this sends the bits to the GPU
pipelineOwner.flushSemantics(); // this also sends the semantics to the OS.
}
}
mixin WidgetsBinding on BindingBase, ServicesBinding, SchedulerBinding, GestureBinding, RendererBinding, SemanticsBinding {
@override
void drawFrame() {
assert(!debugBuildingDirtyElements);
assert(() {
debugBuildingDirtyElements = true;
return true;
}());
if (_needToReportFirstFrame && _reportFirstFrame) {
assert(!_firstFrameCompleter.isCompleted);
TimingsCallback firstFrameCallback;
firstFrameCallback = (List<FrameTiming> timings) {
if (!kReleaseMode) {
developer.Timeline.instantSync('Rasterized first useful frame');
developer.postEvent('Flutter.FirstFrame', <String, dynamic>{});
}
SchedulerBinding.instance.removeTimingsCallback(firstFrameCallback);
_firstFrameCompleter.complete();
};
SchedulerBinding.instance.addTimingsCallback(firstFrameCallback);
}
try {
if (renderViewElement != null)
buildOwner.buildScope(renderViewElement);
super.drawFrame();
buildOwner.finalizeTree();
} finally {
assert(() {
debugBuildingDirtyElements = false;
return true;
}());
}
if (!kReleaseMode) {
if (_needToReportFirstFrame && _reportFirstFrame) {
developer.Timeline.instantSync('Widgets built first useful frame');
}
}
_needToReportFirstFrame = false;
}
}
在1.2中，我们知道drawFrame在每个handleDrawFrame函数中都会被调用，我们的WidgetsFlutterBinding继承自RendererBinding和WidgetsBinding，见下图的顺序看看drawFrame到底发生了什么，再进行源码追踪
drawFrame.png
过程比较复杂，源码学习按照序列图中的顺序来
-
WidgetsBinding.drawFrame()：该函数在每一次handleDrawFrame都会被调用，并且还会调用super.drawFrame函数///伪代码 mixin WidgetsBinding ...{ ///忽略断言和调试部分代码 @override void drawFrame() { try { ///如果renderViewElement不为空，调用BuildOwner.buildScope函数，生成WidgetTree更新域 if (renderViewElement != null){ buildOwner.buildScope(renderViewElement); } //调用RenderBinding.drawFrame函数 super.drawFrame(); // buildOwner.finalizeTree(); } finally { assert(() { debugBuildingDirtyElements = false; return true; }()); } if (!kReleaseMode) { if (_needToReportFirstFrame && _reportFirstFrame) { developer.Timeline.instantSync('Widgets built first useful frame'); } } _needToReportFirstFrame = false; } } -
buildOwner.buildScope(renderViewElement)：这里的renderViewElement是一个RenderObjectToWidgetElement<RenderBox>对象，在runApp(Widget app)函数中被初始化，不了解的请看我的这篇文章Flutter笔记——runApp发生了什么(源码学习)。
buildOwner.buildScope(renderViewElement)函数的作用是建立WidgetTree构建的域。///删除断言和callback相关代码 void buildScope(Element context, [ VoidCallback callback ]) { Timeline.startSync('Build', arguments: timelineWhitelistArguments); try{ _dirtyElements.sort(Element._sort); _dirtyElementsNeedsResorting = false; int dirtyCount = _dirtyElements.length; int index = 0; while (index < dirtyCount) { try { _dirtyElements[index].rebuild(); } catch (e, stack) { _debugReportException( ErrorDescription('while rebuilding dirty elements'), e, stack, informationCollector: () sync* { yield DiagnosticsDebugCreator(DebugCreator(_dirtyElements[index])); yield _dirtyElements[index].describeElement('The element being rebuilt at the time was index $index of $dirtyCount'); }, ); } index += 1; if (dirtyCount < _dirtyElements.length || _dirtyElementsNeedsResorting) { _dirtyElements.sort(Element._sort); _dirtyElementsNeedsResorting = false; dirtyCount = _dirtyElements.length; while (index > 0 && _dirtyElements[index - 1].dirty) { index -= 1; } } } } finally { for (Element element in _dirtyElements) { element._inDirtyList = false; } _dirtyElements.clear(); _scheduledFlushDirtyElements = false; _dirtyElementsNeedsResorting = null; Timeline.finishSync(); } } -
_dirtyElements.sort(Element._sort)：排列Element，根据Element中的depth值，depth值是当期Element所在树的层次整数。每个Element的depth值都大于ParentElement的depth值static int _sort(Element a, Element b) { if (a.depth < b.depth) return -1; if (b.depth < a.depth) return 1; if (b.dirty && !a.dirty) return -1; if (a.dirty && !b.dirty) return 1; return 0; } -
_dirtyElements[index].rebuild()：遍历_dirtyElements容器中的元素，调用它们的rebuild()函数。 -
element.rebuild()：这里以ComponentElement作为示例，rebuild()函数源码如下void rebuild() { ///删除很多断言和其他代码 performRebuild(); } -
ComponentElement.performRebuild()：在这里我们可以看到performRebuild()函数会调用Element中的build()函数，这对于我们应该是最熟悉的Flutter代码之一了。这里面的built = build()有几个继承，StatefulWidget通过createState()函数生成State，再通过State的build():Widget函数生成Widget。@override void performRebuild() { ///删除很多断言和其他代码 Widget built; try { built = build(); debugWidgetBuilderValue(widget, built); } catch (e, stack) { built = ErrorWidget.builder( _debugReportException( ErrorDescription('building $this'), e, stack, informationCollector: () sync* { yield DiagnosticsDebugCreator(DebugCreator(this)); }, ), ); } finally { _dirty = false; } try { _child = updateChild(_child, built, slot); assert(_child != null); } catch (e, stack) { built = ErrorWidget.builder( _debugReportException( ErrorDescription('building $this'), e, stack, informationCollector: () sync* { yield DiagnosticsDebugCreator(DebugCreator(this)); }, ), ); _child = updateChild(null, built, slot); } } -
updateChild(Element child, Widget newWidget, dynamic newSlot)：更新Element中的Widget对象，这里面有三个参数，第一个是之前的Widget对象，也就是类对象child。第二个是新生成的newWidget对象，由build()函数生成，第三个newSlot是父Element给与子Element的位置参数，如果slot位置发生了变化，即使child与newWidget相同，也会重新渲染。@protected Element updateChild(Element child, Widget newWidget, dynamic newSlot) { if (newWidget == null) { if (child != null) deactivateChild(child); return null; } if (child != null) { if (child.widget == newWidget) { if (child.slot != newSlot) updateSlotForChild(child, newSlot); return child; } if (Widget.canUpdate(child.widget, newWidget)) { if (child.slot != newSlot) updateSlotForChild(child, newSlot); child.update(newWidget); assert(child.widget == newWidget); assert(() { child.owner._debugElementWasRebuilt(child); return true; }()); return child; } deactivateChild(child); assert(child._parent == null); } return inflateWidget(newWidget, newSlot); } -
Element inflateWidget(Widget newWidget, dynamic newSlot)：根据给定的Widget和newSlot生成一个Element，该方法通常由updateChild()函数直接调用。如果该Widget生成Element已经存在或者存在相同的GlobalKey将会复用。该函数还会调用Widget.canUpdate(Widget oldWidget, Widget newWidget)来比较Widget对象是否相同。
该部分源码较长，在之后文章看是否记录学习，这里知道其作用即可。- 如果newWidget的key是
GlobalKey，并且通过Element _retakeInactiveElement(GlobalKey key, Widget newWidget)能拿回来一个Element，那么在更新状态与slot、配置之后便返回一个Element。 - 不能从key中拿回已有的Element，会调用
Element newChild = newWidget.createElement()生成一个新的newChild，并挂载它newChild.mount(this, newSlot)并返回。
- 如果newWidget的key是
-
super.drawFrame()：也就是RenderBinding.drawFrame()函数，该函数涉及知识点较多，下篇文章学习。它主要涉及到了RenderObject、Rect、PipelineOwner等知识点。 -
buildOwner.finalizeTree():调用该函数来完成元素构建。
2 小结
- 本篇文章从预热帧
WidgetsFlutterBinding.scheduleWarmUpFrame()函数入手，找到FlutterFramework渲染帧的过程函数handleDrawFrame()，再通过BaseBinding系列找到drawFrame()的持久监听与回调来学习帧绘制的部分内容。 - 本文从
Element的create与update中，也找到了State.setState时，有些UI元素没有重绘的根本原因，也了解了key的作用。 -
BaseBinding中的WidgetsBinding、RenderBinding、SchedulerBinding等子类是FlutterFramework帧渲染的核心类。本文从drawFrame入手学习了部分内容，另外BuildOwner全局管理类也要着重了解。 - 本文篇章有限，还有许多内容没有学习到，等下篇文章再着重学习
RenderBinding.drawFrame()的作用，之后再做一个阶段性总结。
谢谢阅读，如有错误劳烦指出纠正，十分感谢，新春快乐哦！
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