2.2 Processes

The Process section in SCOR provides a set of pre-defined descriptions for activities most companies perform to effectively execute their supply chains. 

The six macro-level SCOR processes Plan, Source, Make, Deliver, Return and Enable are well-known and widely adopted. 

SCOR identifies 2 more levels of process. 

Level here indicates the span of the process: 

A level-3 process is focused on a more detailed activity. 

A level-1 process spans multiple level-3 processes. 

Graphic 4 shows the levels within the SCOR model processes.

Level-2 process categories determine the capabilities within the level-1 processes. 

The key level-2 processes are Make-to-Stock vs. Make-to-Order vs. Engineer-to-Order for Source, Make and Deliver processes and Defective vs. MRO vs. Excess for the Return process. 

Level-3 processes are process steps that are performed in a certain sequence in order to plan supply chain activities, source materials, make products, deliver goods and services and handle product returns.

Companies may develop standard process descriptions of activities within the level-3 processes-- so called level-4 processes. 

Level-4 processes are generally industry, product, location and/ or technology specific.

 For example: Most if not all companies need to perform a task known as "receive, enter and validate a customer order".

This is a level-3 process (for example sD1.2). The level-4 processes would describe the steps how the order was received. 

Examples would beEDI,fax, telephone, and walk-in. 

Each of these may require a unique level-4 process description. 

Another step you would describe how the order was entered. 

EDI maybe automatically loaded by certain software, fax and phone orders are entered by the order desk, walk-ins are processed at the checkout counter. And so on.

The level at which processes need to be described depends on the project. 

For most projects level-2 process diagrams help identify structural issues in the supply chain: "Why do we have a warehouse feeding a warehouse, feeding a warehouse?" or "Lead-time are long due to wherewe source some of these materials".

Level-3 process diagrams help identify decision points, triggers and process disconnects. 

For example: A sourcing model where I only take inventory ownership after I shipped it to my customer -- a.k.a. "consignment inventory" -- is described at level-3. 

Another sourcing alternative vendor managed inventory is also defined at level-3. 

Both need the standard level-3 processes, but the way these processes are sequenced and who performs them is the differentiator.

Process codification differs by level. 

Level-1 processes are represented by a capital letter preceded by the letter “s” (stands for SCOR): 

sP for Plan, sS for Source, sM for Make, sD for Deliver and sR for Return. 

Level-2 processes add a number for most level-2 processes: 

sD1 for Deliver Stocked Products, sP3 for Plan Make. 

Level-3 processes add a period followed by a unique number: 

sD1.1 for Process Inquiry and Quote, sD1.2 for Receive, Enter and Validate Order. 

Exceptions exist for Return processes: 

Level-2 Return processes are split into Source Return (sSRx) and Deliver Return (sDRx) processes to acknowledge the difference between returning something yourself or receiving a return from your customer. 

The level-3 processes are aligned with these codes:

sDR1.1 is Authorize Defective Product Return.

SCOR流程部分为大多数公司执行的活动提供了一组预定义的描述，用于有效地执行它们的供应链。

六个宏观级别的SCOR过程计划、采购、制作、交付、退货回和使能是众所周知和广泛采用的。

SCOR标识了两个以上的流程级别。

这里的Level表示流程的跨度:级别3的流程关注于更详细的活动。

一级流程跨越多个三级流程。

图4显示了SCOR模型流程中的级别。

二级流程类别决定了一级流程中的能力。

关键的二级流程是:

按库存生产 vs.按订单生产 vs.工程定制生产的采购、制造和交付流程、缺陷/MRO/超额产品退货流程。

第三级流程是指为了规划供应链活动、采购原材料、生产产品、交付货物和服务以及处理产品退货而按一定顺序执行的流程步骤。

公司可以为三级流程中活动制定标准的流程描述——即所谓的四级流程。

四级流程通常是特定于行业、产品、位置和/或技术的。

例如:

大多数公司需要执行一项称为“接收、输入和验证客户订单”的任务。

这是一个三级流程(例如sD1.2)。

第四级流程将描述如何接收订单的步骤。

例如EDI、传真、电话和上门服务。

每一个都可能需要一个独特的四级过程描述。

另一个步骤是描述订单是如何输入的。

电子数据交换可能由某些软件自动加载，传真和电话订单由订单台输入，在收银台处理预约。等等。

需要描述流程的级别取决于项目。

对于大多数项目，二级流程图有助于识别供应链中的结构性问题:“为什么我们要从一个仓库运送到一个仓库，再到一个仓库?”，或者“我们采购的这些物料交期很长”。

三级流程图有助于识别决策点、触发器和流程断开。

例如:一种采购模式，在这种模式中，我把商品交付给我的客户后，我拥有库存存所有权 -- a.k.a. "寄售库存" ,是第三级描述。

另一个采购供应商管理的库存也定义在第三级。

两者都是标准的三级流程，但是这些流程的排序方式和执行人员是区别所在。

过程编码按级别不同而不同。

一级流程由字母“s”(代表SCOR)前的大写字母表示:

sP表示计划，sS表示来源，sM表示制造，sD表示交付，sR为退货。

二级流程为大多数一级流程添加一个数字:

sD1 交付库存产品, 

sP3 计划制定. 

三级流程添加一个句点，后面跟着一个唯一的数字，后面跟着一个唯一的编号:

sD1.1  流程查询和报价，

sD1.2  接收、输入和验证订单。

退货流程例外:

二级退货流程分为采购退货（sSRx）和交付退货（sDRx）流程区分自己退货和从客户退货之间的区别。

第三级的程序与这些守则是一致的:

sDR1.1是授权不良品退货。