2020年伊始爆发的新型冠状病毒（2019-nCoV）疫情是目前全球人民最关心的实事，也是科学研究的热点。今我们选择了2020年2月10日，中南大学湘雅公共卫生学院李广迪联合比利时鲁汶大学Erik De Clercq发表在Nature杂志旗下的 Nature Reviews Drug Discovery 杂志上的一篇评论文章来进行精读，题目为“Therapeutic options for the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)”，本文围绕如何开展病毒防疫，将抗病毒药物治疗2019-nCoV的潜力进行了讨论。今天精读的内容为标题和第一部分引文的内容。
Therapeutic options for the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)新型冠状病毒的治疗策略
首先我们来看一下这篇文章的标题，Therapeutic options for 是一个常用的词组，表示某种疾病的治疗方案或者治疗策略。therapeutic形容词，解释为designed to help treat an illness，是由名词therapy治疗转化而来，副词形式为therapeutically，常用的词组有therapeutic action治疗作用，therapeutic dose治疗剂量，therapeutic outcome治疗效果。Therapeutic options for开头是一种比较地道的开题形式，在2015年发表在Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol（IF:23.57）的文章标题上也有用了类似的写法“Therapeutic options in oesophageal dysphagia”。在此我们总结一下文章标题总常用的表示治疗策略的写作表达：Therapeutic Advances and Treatment Options in Metastatic Melanoma（JAMA Oncol 2015）；Coronaviruses -drug discovery and therapeutic options（Nat Rev Drug Discov 2016）；Multiplesclerosis in 2012:Novel therapeutic options and drug targets in MS. （Nat Rev Neurol 2013）；Advanced-stagepancreatic cancer:therapy options.（Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2013）；Strategy and tactics of treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. （Vnitr Lek 2019）；A risk-basedtreatment strategy for non-rhabdomyosarcoma soft-tissue sarcomas in patientsyounger than 30 years (ARST0332): a Children's Oncology Group prospectivestudy.（Lancet Oncol.2020）。
1. ① Therapeutic optionsin response to the 2019-nCoVoutbreakare urgently needed.② Here, we discuss thepotentialforrepurposingexisting antiviral agents to treat 2019-nCoV infection (now known as COVID-19), some of which are alreadymoving into clinical trials.
面对2019新冠病毒的疫情的爆发，治疗方法的选择迫在眉睫。本文中，我们将讨论用现有抗病毒药物治疗新冠病毒感染的可能性（现在被称作COVID-19）,其中有一些药物已经进入临床试验阶段。
段落分析：本篇的首段以两句话简洁地完成了全文的开篇，①阐明了本篇文章的意义，②介绍了本篇文章的内容。
Outbreak /'aʊtbreɪk/ 解释为(暴力、疾病等坏事的)爆发，突然发生（the sudden start of sth unpleasant, especially violence or a disease），比happening的程度要更加大，可以替换的词汇有：eruption, burst, epidemic, explosion, flare-up,
outburst, rash, upsurge。
Potential /pə(ʊ)'tenʃ(ə)l/ 比较常见的用法为形容词，理解为潜在的，在本句中potential用作名词,解释为可能性、潜在性(the possibility of sth happening or being
developed or used)，词组the potential for / for doing sth。【熟词僻义】
Repurpose /ˌriːˈpɜːpəs/ 这是一个复合词汇，由re-的前缀加上purpose组成，意义为(为适合新用途)对…稍加修改，略微改动（to change sth slightly in order
to make it suitable for a new purpose），巧妙地将稍微改动一些抗病毒药物的用途的这个语义表达出来，比change use of sth 要更加贴合一些。
Moving into clinical trials进入临床试验阶段，相似的表达还有以下几种形式：These principles are also discussed in the context of the development of
TLD1433, the first Ru(II)-based photosensitizer for PDT to enter a human clinical trial.（Chem. Rev. 2019）；These advantages accelerate the investigation process of endostatin into the clinical trial.( Nanoscale Res Lett. 2012)
2. ① The 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV; severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)) has spread rapidly since its recent identification in patients with severe pneumonia in Wuhan, China. ② As of 10 February 2020, 2019-nCoV has been reported in 25 countries across 4 continents and >40,000 cases have been confirmed, with an estimated mortality risk of ~2%.
2019新型冠状病毒（2019-nCoV，严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)）自近期在中国武汉的重度肺炎病人被确诊以来，迅速传播发展。截至2020年2月10日，在四大洲的25个国家/地区已报告新冠确诊病例超过 40,000例，估计死亡风险约为2％。
段落分析：本段为正文部分的第一段，引入了文章的话题，新冠病毒的快速传播，①引入新冠病毒快速传播的话题，②以具体数据证实前一句的结论。
Identification/aɪ,dentɪfɪ'keɪʃ(ə)n/ 解释为鉴定辨认（the process of showing, proving or recognizing who or what sb / sth is），由动词形式identify转化而来。The identification of something is
the recognition that it exists, is important, or is true.是一个用于表达疾病鉴定诊断的地道表述，disease diagnosis、disease detection也有疾病诊断的意思，但是identification多了一层早期鉴定出来的意思，比diagnosis更加符合文中的句意。
As of 重点词汇，解释为截至…之时为止，拓展词汇as of yet截至目前为止。在As of December 2015, there were 937595 ASHAs operating nationally.（Hum Resour Health.2019）句子中也使用了相同的用法表述截至2015年12月，全国共有937595个ASHA。除了as of以外，英文论文中还有一些表述截至意思的词汇，Less than 20 SCCOPT cases have been reported to date. ( J Cancer. 2019) So far, no relevant literature has been reported. ( Sci Rep. 2019) Until 2010 only sporadic cases were recorded.( PLoS One. 2019) This review covers the literature up to 2017. ( Mar Drugs. 2018) By the end of 2009, China had opened more than 500 MMT clinics. (J Public Health (Oxf). 2012)。
3. ①Unfortunately, no drug or vaccine has yet been approved to treat human coronaviruses. ②Several options can be envisaged to control or prevent emerging infections of 2019-nCoV, including vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, oligonucleotide-based therapies, peptides, interferon therapies and small-molecule drugs.③However, new interventions are likely to require months to years to develop.④ Given the urgency of the 2019-nCoV outbreak, we focus here on the potential to repurpose existing antiviral agents approved or in development for treating infections caused by HIV hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and influenza, based on therapeutic experience with two other infections caused by human coronaviruses: severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS).
不幸的是，尚无批准用于治疗人类冠状病毒的药物或疫苗。设想可以控制或预防2019-nCoV新发感染的方法，包括疫苗、单抗、寡肽和肽分子、干扰素治疗及小分子药物。然而，（上文提及的）新的干预措施的开发需要数月到数年。鉴于2019-nCoV爆发的紧迫性，本文中我们着重讨论已批准或先在研发的抗病毒药物如治疗HIV、HBV、HCV和流感的药物，以及由另两种冠状病毒SARS和MERS引起的感染疾病的治疗经验。
段落分析：本段紧接着上一段对于新冠病毒的介绍，介绍写本篇文章的目的，以及综述这部分内容的迫切性和必要性。①介绍目前新冠病毒面临的无明确药物治疗的困境； ②-③ 明确了开发新的药物的缺点：研发的周期太长，也就是为什么本文立足有老药新用而非新药开发的原因；④这句话总结了本文中所有要总结和讨论的内容，给予作者一个正文内容的总结。
Envisage /ɪn'vɪzɪdʒ/ 解释为想像、设想、展望（to imagine what will happen in the future），用法为~ sth 、~ (sb) doing sth、it is envisaged that…、~ that…。英文SCI写作用有许多可以表示设想展望的词汇，在此整理如下：imagine、 visualize 、 picture 、envisage和conceive of something。Months to years 几个月甚至几年时间。例句：It's gonna take months and years to rebuild some of these roads. 而重建这些道路几个月甚至几年时间。
Given the urgency of 鉴于…的紧迫性，given放在句首做连词用，解释为在...前提下,在...情况下（when you consider sth），given that 之后接句子来表述考虑到…的情况，例句：Usually, I am sensible with money, as I have to be, given that I don't earn that much. 考虑到自己挣得不多，我用钱通常比较精打细算，这也是迫不得已。
长难句分析
Here, we discuss the potential for repurposingexisting antiviral agents to treat2019-nCoV infection(now known as COVID-19), some of which are already moving into clinical trials.
【语法分析】
句子的主干成分为Here, we discuss the potential for repurposing
existing antiviral agents to treat 2019-nCoV infection，repurpose sth to sth是一个词组的表达，这里用动名词结构表示可能的内容。(now known as COVID-19)是对于2019-nCoV
infection进一步进行解释说明。Which引导后置定语修饰existing antiviral agents，整句话还原就是some
of the existing antiviral agents are already moving into clinical trials。
【参考译文】
本文中，我们将讨论用现有抗病毒药物治疗新冠病毒感染的可能性（现在被称作COVID-19）,其中有一些药物已经进入临床试验阶段。
Given the urgency of the 2019-nCoV outbreak, we focushere on the potential to repurpose existing antiviral agents approved or indevelopmentfor treating infections caused by HIV,
hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and influenza, based ontherapeutic experience with two other infections caused by human coronaviruses:severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome(MERS).
【语法分析】
句子的主干成分为we focus here on the potential，Given连接名词在句首做状语，表示鉴于…的情况，the potential to后面的长长的一句话都是这个可能性的内容，主要内容就是repurpose existing antiviral agents将现有的抗病毒药物利用到新冠病毒中，approved or in development定语后置修饰抗病毒药，指批准的或者在研的抗病毒药，for treating infections caused by HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and influenza指药物的用途for引导目的状语，based on therapeutic experience也是一个后置定语的用法，修饰前面的一整句话，指的是这一老药新用的做法是基于临床治疗经验的，省略了which is，类似的caused by human coronaviruses也是一个定语后置省略了which is的用法，修饰infections。
【参考译文】
鉴于2019-nCoV爆发的紧迫性，本文中我们着重讨论已批准或先在研发的抗病毒药物如治疗HIV、HBV、HCV和流感的药物，以及由另两种冠状病毒SARS和MERS引起的感染疾病的治疗经验。
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