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4、操作数据表中的记录

4、操作数据表中的记录

作者: 焰火青春 | 来源:发表于2018-04-08 22:38 被阅读28次

语法结构:

# 使用 INSERT 插入记录的语法结构
INSERT [INTO] tbl_name [(col_namem,...)] {VALUES | VALUE} ({expr | DEFAULT},..),(...),...
# 可以同时插入多条记录,省略列名时需要给所有列赋值, 也可以插入表达式
# 主键 id 可以写 DEFAULT 或 NULL(使用自动编号递增)

示例:

# 创建一个数据表 tb7
mysql> CREATE TABLE tb7(
    -> id SMALLINT UNSIGNED PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
    -> username VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL,
    -> password VARCHAR(32) NOT NULL,
    -> age TINYINT UNSIGNED NOT NULL DEFAULT 10,
    -> sex BOOLEAN
    -> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.09 sec)

# 同时插入2条记录,中间以逗号分隔
mysql> INSERT tb7 VALUES(NULL,'Alice','123',25,1),(NULL,'Tom','456',26,1);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)

# 查看插入记录
mysql> SELECT * FROM tb7;
+----+----------+----------+-----+------+
| id | username | password | age | sex  |
+----+----------+----------+-----+------+
|  1 | Alice    | 123      |  25 |    1 |
|  2 | Tom      | 456      |  26 |    1 |
+----+----------+----------+-----+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 主键也可以写成 DEFAULT ,也可以插入表达式,函数(md5('123'))
mysql> INSERT tb7 VALUES(DEFAULT,'Bob','567',3*7-5,1),(NULL,'Rose',md5('123'),DEFAULT,1);
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

# 查看插入记录
mysql> SELECT * FROM tb7;
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
| id | username | password                         | age | sex  |
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
|  1 | Alice    | 123                              |  25 |    1 |
|  2 | Tom      | 456                              |  26 |    1 |
|  3 | Bob      | 567                              |  16 |    1 |
|  4 | Rose     | 202cb962ac59075b964b07152d234b70 |  10 |    1 |
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4、操作数据表中的记录

4.1、插入记录的三种方法

4.1.1、 INSERT 语句

INSERT 方法是最常用的方法,可以一次插入多条记录

4.1.2、INSERT SET/SELECT 语句

与第一种插入方式区别在于,此方法可以使用子查询(SubQuery),而且只能一次插入一条记录。

语法结构:

INSERT [INTO] tbl_name SET col_name={expr| DEFAULT},...

示例:

# 使用 INSERT SET 语句插入记录,age 有默认值,sex 可为空都可以省略
mysql> INSERT tb7 SET username='Ben',password='456';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)

# 查看数据表
mysql> SELECT * FROM tb7;
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
| id | username | password                         | age | sex  |
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
|  1 | Alice    | 123                              |  25 |    1 |
|  2 | Tom      | 456                              |  26 |    1 |
|  3 | Bob      | 567                              |  16 |    1 |
|  4 | Rose     | 202cb962ac59075b964b07152d234b70 |  10 |    1 |
|  5 | Ben      | 456                              |  10 | NULL |
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4.1.3、INSERT SELECT 语句

此方法可以将查询结果插入到指定数据表中

语法结构:

INSERT [INTO] tbl_name [(col_name,...)] SELECT...

4.2、操作单个数据表中的记录

4.2.1、更新单表记录(UPDATE)

语法结构:

# 如果省略 where 条件,那么所有的记录都将会被更新
UPDATE [LOW_PRIORITY] [INGORE] table_reference SET col_name1={expr1 | DEFAULT} [,col_name2={expr2 | DEFAULT}]...[WHERE where_condition]

# 更新某一行中的某一列
UPDATE 表名称 SET 列名称 = 新值 WHERE 列名称 = 某值

# 更新某一行中的若干列
UPDATE 表名称 SET 列名称 = 新值, 列名称 = 新值 WHERE 列名称 = 某值

# 更新多条记录的不同值(批量更新)
mysql> UPDATE tdb_goods   # 更新 tdb_goods 数据表
    -> SET goods_name = CASE goods_id   # 更新列 goods_name的多个字段
    -> WHEN 1 THEN 'R510VC 15.6英寸笔记本'  # 当 goods_id 为 1,则 goods_name 为 'R510VC 15.6英寸笔记本'
    -> WHEN 2 THEN '商务双肩背包'   # 当 goods_id 为 2,则 goods_name 为'商务双肩背包'
    -> END
    -> WHERE goods_id IN (1,2)
    -> ;
Query OK, 2 row affected (0.02 sec)
Rows matched: 2  Changed: 2  Warnings: 0

示例1:将 age 全部加 5

# 省略 where 条件,将年龄全部加 5 岁
mysql> UPDATE tb7 SET age=age+5;
Query OK, 5 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Rows matched: 5  Changed: 5  Warnings: 0

# 查看数据表 发现所有记录的年龄都在原有基础上加了 5 岁
mysql> SELECT * FROM tb7;
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
| id | username | password                         | age | sex  |
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
|  1 | Alice    | 123                              |  30 |    1 |
|  2 | Tom      | 456                              |  31 |    1 |
|  3 | Bob      | 567                              |  21 |    1 |
|  4 | Rose     | 202cb962ac59075b964b07152d234b70 |  15 |    1 |
|  5 | Ben      | 456                              |  15 | NULL |
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

示例2:将每条记录的 age 列,在原有的基础上减去其对应的 id,sex 设置为 0

# 将每条记录的 age 列,在原有的基础上减去其对应的 id,sex 设置为 0
mysql> UPDATE tb7 SET age = age - id,sex = 0;
Query OK, 5 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Rows matched: 5  Changed: 5  Warnings: 0

# 查看数据表
mysql> SELECT * FROM tb7;
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
| id | username | password                         | age | sex  |
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
|  1 | Alice    | 123                              |  29 |    0 |
|  2 | Tom      | 456                              |  29 |    0 |
|  3 | Bob      | 567                              |  18 |    0 |
|  4 | Rose     | 202cb962ac59075b964b07152d234b70 |  11 |    0 |
|  5 | Ben      | 456                              |  10 |    0 |
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

示例3:设置 WHERE 条件,将所有 id 为偶数的记录 年龄加 10

# 设置 WHERE 条件,id 为偶数的记录加 10
mysql> UPDATE tb7 SET age = age + 10 WHERE id % 2 = 0;
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Rows matched: 2  Changed: 2  Warnings: 0

# 查看数据表
mysql> SELECT * FROM tb7;
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
| id | username | password                         | age | sex  |
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
|  1 | Alice    | 123                              |  29 |    0 |
|  2 | Tom      | 456                              |  39 |    0 |
|  3 | Bob      | 567                              |  18 |    0 |
|  4 | Rose     | 202cb962ac59075b964b07152d234b70 |  21 |    0 |
|  5 | Ben      | 456                              |  10 |    0 |
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4.2.2、删除单表记录(DELETE)

语法结构:

DELETE FROM tbl_name [WHERE where_condition]

示例:

# 将第 5 条记录删除掉
mysql> DELETE FROM tb7 WHERE id = 5;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

# 查看数据表,发现 id 为 5 的记录被删除了
mysql> SELECT * FROM tb7;
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
| id | username | password                         | age | sex  |
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
|  1 | Alice    | 123                              |  29 |    0 |
|  2 | Tom      | 456                              |  39 |    0 |
|  3 | Bob      | 567                              |  18 |    0 |
|  4 | Rose     | 202cb962ac59075b964b07152d234b70 |  21 |    0 |
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 重新插入一条记录,其id 会一直往上增长,而不是补充被删除的记录 id
mysql> INSERT tb7 VALUES(NULL,'Lila','abcd',DEFAULT,1);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

# 查看数据表
mysql> SELECT * FROM tb7;
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
| id | username | password                         | age | sex  |
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
|  1 | Alice    | 123                              |  29 |    0 |
|  2 | Tom      | 456                              |  39 |    0 |
|  3 | Bob      | 567                              |  18 |    0 |
|  4 | Rose     | 202cb962ac59075b964b07152d234b70 |  21 |    0 |
|  6 | Lila     | abcd                             |  10 |    1 |
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4.2.3、查找表达式解析(SELECT)

语法结构:

SELECT select_expr [,select_expr...]
[
    FROM table_references
    [WHERE where_condition]
    [GROUP BY {col_name | position} [ASC | DESC],...]
    [HAVING where_condition]
    [ORDER BY {col_name | expr | position} [ASC | DESC],...]
    [LIMIT {[offset,] row_count | row_count OFFSET offset}]
]

查询表达式:

  • 每一个表达式表示想要的一列,必须有至少一个
mysql> SELECT 3 + 5;
+-------+
| 3 + 5 |
+-------+
|     8 |
+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
  • 多个列之间以英文逗号分隔,列名的顺序影响显示结果的顺序
# 可以只查询单列(需要指定列名),也可以查询多列,以逗号分隔
SHOW COLUMNS FROM tbl_name;    # 不知道列名,可以先查看列名
SELECT id,username FROM tb7;   # 查询 id、username 列
SELECT * FROM tb7;             # * 表示查询所有列
  • 星号()表示所有列,(tbl_name.) 可以表示命名表的所有列
# 以数据表名.列名 的形式查询适用于多个数据表连接的时候,因为多个数据表间有可能有相同字段
SELECT tb7.id,tb7.username FROM tb7
  • 查询表达式可以使用 [ AS ] alias_name 为其赋予别名
# 在查询表达式时可以给列名指定别名(当列名比较长的时候,尤其适用)
mysql> SELECT id AS userid,username AS un FROM tb7;
+--------+-------+
| userid | un    |
+--------+-------+
|      1 | Alice |
|      2 | Tom   |
|      3 | Bob   |
|      4 | Rose  |
|      6 | Lila  |
+--------+-------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
  • 别名可用于 GROUP BY ,ORDRE BY 或 HAVING 字句

4.2.4、WHERE 语句进行条件查询

条件表达式:

对记录进行过滤,如果没有指定 WHERE 字句,则显示所有记录。

在 WHERE 表达式中,可以使用 MySQL 支持的函数或运算符

4.3、mysql group by 语句对查询结果分组

语法结构:

# 对查询结果分组  ASC 为升序(默认),DESC 为降序
[GROUP BY {col_name | position} [ASC | DESC],...]

示例:

# 查看数据表
mysql> SELECT * FROM tb7;
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
| id | username | password                         | age | sex  |
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
|  1 | Alice    | 123                              |  29 |    0 |
|  2 | Tom      | 456                              |  39 |    0 |
|  3 | Bob      | 567                              |  18 |    0 |
|  4 | Rose     | 202cb962ac59075b964b07152d234b70 |  21 |    0 |
|  6 | Lila     | abcd                             |  10 |    1 |
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 选择将数据表 tb7 中的 sex 列分组(分为 0 和 1 两组),也可以指定位置(即 id )
mysql> SELECT sex FROM tb7 GROUP BY sex;
+------+
| sex  |
+------+
|    0 |
|    1 |
+------+
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)

4.4、having 语句设置分组条件

在HAVING字句中,查询对象必须出现在查询表达式中或使用聚合函数

分组条件:

SELECT column_name, aggregate_function(column_name)  # 聚合函数
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value
GROUP BY column_name
HAVING aggregate_function(column_name) operator value

示例1:

# 查看数据表
SELECT * FROM tb7 ;
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
| id | username | password                         | age | sex  |
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
|  1 | Alice    | 123                              |  29 |    0 |
|  2 | Tom      | 456                              |  39 |    0 |
|  3 | Bob      | 567                              |  18 |    0 |
|  4 | Rose     | 202cb962ac59075b964b07152d234b70 |  21 |    0 |
|  6 | Lila     | abcd                             |  10 |    1 |
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)

# 使用 HAVING 语句设置分组条件(需要注意的是在HAVING字句中,查询对象必须出现在查询表达式中或使用聚合函数)
mysql> SELECT sex,age FROM tb7 GROUP BY 1 HAVING age >= 35;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

# 聚合函数(count(id)), 条件为sex 列中,id次数大于等于2的有哪些
mysql> SELECT sex FROM tb7 GROUP BY 1 HAVING count(id) >= 2;
+------+
| sex  |
+------+
|    0 |
+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

# 聚合函数(count(id)),条件为sex 列中,id次数大于等于1的有哪些
mysql> SELECT sex FROM tb7 GROUP BY 1 HAVING count(id) >= 1;
+------+
| sex  |
+------+
|    0 |
|    1 |
+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

示例2:

# 查看数据表
mysql> select * from tb7;
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
| id | username | password                         | age | sex  |
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
|  1 | Alice    | 123                              |  29 |    0 |
|  2 | Tom      | 456                              |  39 |    0 |
|  3 | Bob      | 567                              |  18 |    0 |
|  4 | Rose     | 202cb962ac59075b964b07152d234b70 |  21 |    0 |
|  6 | Lila     | abcd                             |  10 |    1 |
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 设置条件(age 小于 28)的用户
mysql> select username,age from tb7 group by username having age < 28;
+----------+-----+
| username | age |
+----------+-----+
| Bob      |  18 |
| Lila     |  10 |
| Rose     |  21 |
+----------+-----+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)

# 设置条件(Bob 和 Tom 中哪个年龄大于 20)
mysql> select username,age from tb7 where username='Bob' or username='Tom' group by username having age > 20;
+----------+-----+
| username | age |
+----------+-----+
| Tom      |  39 |
+----------+-----+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

4.5、order by 对查询结果进行排序

对于需要排序的列中有相同的记录,则按照其 id 对其进行升序降序,也可以同时升序降序

SELECT * FROM tb7 ORDER BY age,id DESC;
# 默认对查询结果进行升序排列(ASC,可省略不写),若要降序则加上 DESC 关键字即可
[ORDER BY {col_name | expr | position} [ASC | DESC],...]

示例1:

# 查看数据表结构
mysql> SELECT * FROM tb7;
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
| id | username | password                         | age | sex  |
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
|  1 | Alice    | 123                              |  29 |    0 |
|  2 | Tom      | 456                              |  39 |    0 |
|  3 | Bob      | 567                              |  18 |    0 |
|  4 | Rose     | 202cb962ac59075b964b07152d234b70 |  21 |    0 |
|  6 | Lila     | abcd                             |  10 |    1 |
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
5 rows in set (0.04 sec)

# 对 id 列进行降序排列
mysql> SELECT * FROM tb7 ORDER BY id DESC;
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
| id | username | password                         | age | sex  |
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
|  6 | Lila     | abcd                             |  10 |    1 |
|  4 | Rose     | 202cb962ac59075b964b07152d234b70 |  21 |    0 |
|  3 | Bob      | 567                              |  18 |    0 |
|  2 | Tom      | 456                              |  39 |    0 |
|  1 | Alice    | 123                              |  29 |    0 |
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 对 age 列进行升序排列
mysql> SELECT * FROM tb7 ORDER BY age;
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
| id | username | password                         | age | sex  |
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
|  6 | Lila     | abcd                             |  10 |    1 |
|  3 | Bob      | 567                              |  18 |    0 |
|  4 | Rose     | 202cb962ac59075b964b07152d234b70 |  21 |    0 |
|  1 | Alice    | 123                              |  29 |    0 |
|  2 | Tom      | 456                              |  39 |    0 |
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)

示例2:

# 数据表 tb8
mysql> SELECT * FROM tb8;
+----+----------+-------------+
| id | company  | ordernumber |
+----+----------+-------------+
|  1 | IBM      |        3532 |
|  2 | W3School |        2356 |
|  3 | Aplle    |        4698 |
|  4 | W3School |        6953 |
+----+----------+-------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 对company 进行升序
mysql> SELECT company, ordernumber FROM tb8 ORDER BY company;
+----------+-------------+
| company  | ordernumber |
+----------+-------------+
| Aplle    |        4698 |
| IBM      |        3532 |
| W3School |        2356 |
| W3School |        6953 |
+----------+-------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 对company升序,ordernumber降序
mysql> SELECT company, ordernumber from tb8 order by company,ordernumber desc;
+----------+-------------+
| company  | ordernumber |
+----------+-------------+
| Aplle    |        4698 |
| IBM      |        3532 |
| W3School |        6953 |
| W3School |        2356 |
+----------+-------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4.6、limit 语句限制查询数量

# limit 语句有2个参数(偏移量,结果出现的条数),需要注意的是记录是从 0 开始的,意味着第三条记录就是第二条,默认出现条数为1
[LIMIT {[offset,] row_count | row_count OFFSET offset}]

示例:

# 数据表 tb8 的结构
mysql> SELECT * FROM tb8;
+----+----------+-------------+
| id | company  | ordernumber |
+----+----------+-------------+
|  1 | IBM      |        3532 |
|  2 | W3School |        2356 |
|  3 | Aplle    |        4698 |
|  4 | W3School |        6953 |
+----+----------+-------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 只有一个参数时,指的是出现的条数,默认从第一个记录开始
mysql> SELECT * FROM tb8 LIMIT 1;
+----+---------+-------------+
| id | company | ordernumber |
+----+---------+-------------+
|  1 | IBM     |        3532 |
+----+---------+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

# 2 条记录
mysql> SELECT * FROM tb8 LIMIT 2;
+----+----------+-------------+
| id | company  | ordernumber |
+----+----------+-------------+
|  1 | IBM      |        3532 |
|  2 | W3School |        2356 |
+----+----------+-------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 2 个参数时,第一个参数为偏移量(即第几条记录,这里为2,即第三条记录),第二个参数为条数
mysql> SELECT * FROM tb8 LIMIT 2,2;
+----+----------+-------------+
| id | company  | ordernumber |
+----+----------+-------------+
|  3 | Aplle    |        4698 |
|  4 | W3School |        6953 |
+----+----------+-------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

示例2:

# 限制查询出现的记录与 id 号无关,只与第几条有关
# 对 id 进行降序排列
mysql> SELECT * FROM tb8 ORDER BY id DESC;
+----+----------+-------------+
| id | company  | ordernumber |
+----+----------+-------------+
|  4 | W3School |        6953 |
|  3 | Aplle    |        4698 |
|  2 | W3School |        2356 |
|  1 | IBM      |        3532 |
+----+----------+-------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 现在出现的 2 条 id 号为 2、1,与 id 无关
mysql> SELECT * FROM tb8 ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT 2,2;
+----+----------+-------------+
| id | company  | ordernumber |
+----+----------+-------------+
|  2 | W3School |        2356 |
|  1 | IBM      |        3532 |
+----+----------+-------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4.7、使用 insert 语句将一个数据表的记录插入到另一个数据表中

偏移量 = (当前页码 - 1)* 每页所显示的记录数

# 数据表 tb7
mysql> select * from tb7;
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
| id | username | password                         | age | sex  |
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
|  1 | Alice    | 123                              |  29 |    0 |
|  2 | Tom      | 456                              |  39 |    0 |
|  3 | Bob      | 567                              |  18 |    0 |
|  4 | Rose     | 202cb962ac59075b964b07152d234b70 |  21 |    0 |
|  6 | Lila     | abcd                             |  10 |    1 |
+----+----------+----------------------------------+-----+------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

# tb9 中只有 id 和 username列,没有插入任何记录
mysql> SHOW COLUMNS FROM tb9;
+----------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field    | Type                | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+----------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id       | tinyint(3) unsigned | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| username | varchar(20)         | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+----------+---------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 插入到数据表 tb9的 username列中,从 tb7 的 username中 挑选 age 大于等于 29的记录
mysql> INSERT tb9(username) SELECT username FROM tb7 WHERE age >= 29;
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

# 查看数据表 tb9
mysql> SELECT * FROM tb9;
+----+----------+
| id | username |
+----+----------+
|  1 | Alice    |
|  2 | Tom      |
+----+----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4.8、小结

增删改查

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