“睡眠”这件事儿

**  每一天薄荷阅读的时间，因为《心理学百科》，由原来的十几分钟，增加到一个多小时。

**  以前只是听音频，做一下课后练习题。群里老师发送的领读信息，有时来不及细看。

**  而现在，置身在心理学浩瀚的海洋里，觉得自己知道得太少太少了。

**  以下是关于睡眠的阅读笔记摘要，你是不是和我一样感同身受呢？

**  谈谈“睡眠”这件事儿

「睡眠」是神秘的。

一.早期研究

**  1027年波斯哲学家、医生阿维森纳（Avicenna，亦作Ibn Sina，c.980-1037）就在著作The Book of Healing中对“trances”这种现象进行了详述。但在阿维森纳的时代，引人恍惚入睡来治愈疾病的方法已不再风行。>>  In 1027, the Persian physician Avicenna, writed about trances in The Book of Healing, documented the characteristics of the trance state, but its use as a healing therapy was largely abandoned until the German doctor Franz Mesmer reintroduced it in the 18th century.But its use as a healing therapywas largely abandoned（at that time）.

**  在古埃及、古希腊时代

经过训练的祭司通过催眠达到为人们治愈疾病的目的。生病的人被带往宿庙，引入昏睡状态，之后，医师会通过分析他们的梦境来决定治疗方法。

**  1779年德国医生弗朗兹·麦斯迈（Franz Mesmer, 1734-1815）出版著作《动物磁力发现录》，在其中，他用“动物磁力”来描述动物和非动物之间的能量转移。

**  动物磁力可以用来治疗疾病，而整套过程被称为“磁化”。进入磁化状态的患者进入trance状态，有时会经受抽搐，随后他们就觉得自己的身体情况得到了好转。>>  Mesmer’s treatment involved manipulating the body’s natural, or “animal”, magnetism, through the use of magnets and suggestion. After being “mesmerized”, or “magnetized”, some people suffered a convulsion, after which they claimed to feel better.

**  磁化 mesmerization

**  Franz Mesmer通过磁铁（通常运用于患者胃部附近）来使人恍惚入睡，他认为这样做可以让人的动物磁力回到均衡的状态。

Mesmer’s treatment involved manipulating the body’s natural, or “animal”, magnetism, through the use of magnets and suggestion. （见下图）

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“睡眠”这件事儿

**  接着，学者们研究「睡眠」的兴趣愈发浓厚。其中Abbé Faria（1756-1819）这位葡萄牙属果阿天主教徒（Portugese-Goan monk，还记得第一天的介绍吗？）就延续Mesmer的脚步，成为了催眠研究的先驱。

**  二. Abbe Faria ：Lucid Sleep 清醒的睡眠

>>  “Nothing comes from the magnetizer; everything comes from the subject and takes place in his imagination. ”

– Abbé Faria

**  若干年后

葡属果阿修道士法利亚研究了Mesmer的作品，（法利亚表面继承了Mesmer的观点，但……）他认为后者所推崇的“磁力是引人恍惚入睡的关键”的观点完全是无稽之谈。A few years later, Abbé Faria, a Portugese-Goan monk, studied Mesmer’s work and concluded that it was “entirely absurd” to think that magnets were a vital part of the process.

**  Faria指出人自身“暗示之力”才是进入恍惚睡眠状态的关键。在他的理论里，医师的角色被称为“集中者”，他负责引导入眠对象进入正确的入眠状态。The phenomena relied only upon the power of suggestion. Faria saw his role as a “concentrator”, helping his subject get into the right state of mind.

**  Faria会选择一批天赋异禀的人。待对象们全部集中精神，想着入睡，Faria便如同念一句咒语一般命令：Dormez! （“睡吧！”该词为法语）在那之后，对象们就进入清醒睡眠状态了。After selecting subjects with the right aptitude, I ask them to relax in a chair, shut their eyes, concentrate their attention, and think about sleep. As they quietly await further instructions, I gently or commandingly say: ‘Dormez!’ and they fall into lucid sleep.

**  Faria认为梦游（somnambulism = sleep walking）亦是清醒睡眠的一种。这一切被记录在Faria临终前的著作《论清醒睡眠的原因》（On the Cause of Lucid Sleep）之中。

三.后续研究

**  1843年

**  在此之前，“催眠”一词还不存在。苏格兰外科医生James Braid（1795-1860）由Faria的研究得到启发，从而取希腊语中hypnos（sleep）和osis（condition）两词，组成了「hypnosis」。1843 Scottish surgeon James Braid coins the term “neuro-hypnotism” in Neurypnology.

**  Braid认同Faria的观点，称催眠状态并非一种睡眠，而是人在贯注于一件事上之后，暗示性得到了提高。并且，Braid在《神经性睡眠》（Neurypnology）一书中，创造了“neuro-hypnotism”一词。Braid, from the Greek hypnos, meaning “sleep” and osis meaning “condition”. Braid concluded that hypnosis is not a type of sleep but a concentration on a single idea, resulting in heightened suggestibility

**  1880年代

**  Braid去世后，催眠在学界的热度大大衰退，直至近1880年代，法国心理学家Emile Coué发现了“安慰剂效应”，并发表《有意识的自我暗示之下的自我控制》。After his death, interest in hypnosis largely waned until the 1880s French psychologist Emile Coué discovers the placebo effect and publishes Self-Mastery Through Conscious Autosuggestion.

**  安慰剂效应

**  指患者通过调整自己的期望、而非任何外界治疗使病情得到好转（an improvement in condition due to personal expectations, rather than the treatment itself）。关于安慰剂效应，学界至今有很多争议。相关研究还在持续进行。

**  19世纪中叶

**  法国神经学家Jean-Martin Charcot（1825-1893）开始系统性地使用催眠术作为一种创伤性癔病的治疗手段。French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot began to use hypnotism systematically in the treatment of traumatic hysteria.

**  Charcot的研究激起了Josef Breuer和Sigmund Freud等人对催眠的研究热情，他们开始追问催眠背后的驱动力为何，由此发现了「潜意识（unconsciousness）」的力量。This brought hypnosis to the attention of Josef Breuer and Sigmund Freud, who were to question the drive behind the hypnotic self, and discover the power of the unconscious.