2016年的Arnold，她因‘酶的定向进化’获得诺贝尔化学奖。
By Sandra E. Garcia
作者 Sandra E. Garcia
Oct.3, 2018
2018年10月3日
Since 1901, when the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was first awarded, 177 people have captured the honor. On Wednesday, Frances H. Arnold became only the fifth woman to be awarded the prize.
自从1901年诺贝尔化学奖第一次被颁发，已经有177人获得该项殊荣。周三，Frances H. Arnold 成为了第五位获得该奖项的女性。
Dr. Arnold, 62, an American professor of chemical engineering, bioengineering and biochemistry at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, earned the award for her work with the directed evolution of enzymes.
现年62岁的阿诺德博士是位于帕萨迪纳的加州理工学院的化学工程，生物工程和生物化学教授，因其在酶的定向进化方面的工作而获奖。
She shared this year’s chemistry Nobel — worth close to $1 million — with George P. Smith, 77, and Gregory P. Winter, 67. Dr. Arnold received half of the prize, and Dr. Smith and Dr. Winter split the other half.
她和77岁的George P. Smith, 以及67岁的Gregory P. Winter一同获得了今年的诺贝尔化学奖，价值将近1百万美元。阿诺德博士获得了一半奖金，斯密斯博士和文特博士平分另一半。
Dr. Arnold won for her work conducting the directed evolution of enzymes, proteins that catalyze chemical reactions. She first pioneered the bioengineering method, which works similar to the way dog breeders mate specific dogs to bring out desired traits, in the early 1990s, and has refined it since then.
阿诺德博士因为她在酶（一种催化化学反应的蛋白质）的定向进化方面的工作而赢得奖项。90年代初期，她首创了生物工程方法，近似于狗饲养员让特定的狗狗交配以获得期望的特质，自此不断精细化这种方法。
Her enzymes have been used to make biofuels, medicines and laundry detergent, among other things. In many processes, they have taken the place of toxic chemicals.
她的酶除了其他事项外还被用于制造生物燃料，药品和洗涤剂。它们在很多的加工流程中取代了有毒的化学制品。
[On Tuesday, a woman was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for the third time ever.]
周二，诺贝尔物理学奖第三次由女性获得（后面我也会翻译关于这个大姐的报道~搁我们这儿大姐是敬称哦~）。
Dr. Smith was honored for developing a method, known as phage display, in which a virus that infects bacteria can be used to evolve new proteins. Dr. Winter won for evolving antibodies through phage display to combat autoimmune diseases and in some cases, cure metastatic cancer.
斯密斯博士因开发了一种著名的噬菌体展示方法而获此殊荣，其中感染细菌的病毒可以被用于进化出新的蛋白质。文特博士通过噬菌体展示进化抗体用于对抗免疫系统疾病，并在某些情况下治愈了转移性癌症。
“I think of what I do as copying nature’s design process,” Dr. Arnold said in an interview with NobelPrize.org. “All this tremendous beauty and complexity of the biological world all comes about to this one simple beautiful design algorithm.”
“我认为我做的只不过是复制大自然的设计进程，”阿诺德博士在诺贝尔奖的访谈中说道，“所有这些生物世界庞大的美丽与复杂都来自于这个简单美妙的设计算法。”
In the 1980s, Dr. Arnold tried to rebuild enzymes, but because they are very complex molecules built from different amino acids that can be infinitely combined, she found it difficult to remodel the enzymes’ genes in order to give them new properties.
20世纪80年代，阿诺德博士尝试重建酶，但是因为它们是非常复杂的分子由不同的氨基酸通过无限种组合方式构成，她发现为了赋予新特性而重塑酶的基因非常困难。
In the 1990s, she abandoned what she called her “somewhat arrogant approach” of trying to create modified enzymes through her logic and knowledge, and examined nature’s way of doing things. She looked into evolution.
20世纪90年代，她放弃了她称之为“有些傲慢的方法”，即尝试通过她的逻辑和知识创造修饰过的酶，并检查了自然的做事方法。她研究了进化。
2013年阿诺德博士和美国总统巴拉克奥巴马在国家技术与创新奖章颁奖典礼上。2011年阿诺德博士获得过该奖。
“I realized that the way most people were going about protein engineering was doomed failure,” Dr. Arnold said. “To me it is obvious that this is the way it should be done.”
“我意识到大多数人对蛋白质工程的看法是注定错误的，” 阿诺德博士说，“对我来说很明显，这是应该采取的方式。”
She tried to change an enzyme called subtilisin. She wanted it to accelerate change in an organic solvent, so she created random mutations in the enzyme’s genetic code and introduced the mutated genes to bacteria that then created different types of subtilisin.
她试着改变一种酶叫做枯草杆菌蛋白酶。她希望它能够在有机溶剂里加速变化，于是她在酶的遗传密码里创造随机突变并将这种突变基因注入细菌体内，接着创造不同类型的枯草杆菌蛋白酶。
Dr. Arnold selected the type of subtilisin that performed the best. Once she found the best variant of subtilisin, she continued to mutate it until she had the very best version.
阿诺德博士选择表现最好的枯草杆菌蛋白酶。一旦她发现最好的枯草杆菌蛋白酶变种，她就继续让其变异直到她拥有最好的版本。
With this directed evolution, she could show the power behind allowing chance and directed selection instead of depending on human logic and understanding of how genes and enzymes are supposed to work. This was the initial step toward the revolution in enzyme mutation.
随着这种定向进化，她能够展示允许改变和定向选择背后的力量，而不是依赖人类的逻辑和对于基因和酶如何工作的理解。这是朝着酶突变革命的第一步。
When she began her new approach, “some people looked down their noses at it,” Dr. Arnold told the National Science and Technology Medals Foundation. “They might say ‘It’s not science’ or that ‘Gentlemen don’t do random mutagenesis.’ But I’m not a scientist, and I’m not a gentleman, so it didn’t bother me at all. I laughed all the way to the bank, because it works.”
当她开始她的新方法，“有些人表示了对它的鄙视，” 阿诺德博士告诉国家科学与技术奖基金会。“他们会说‘这不是科学’或者‘绅士不会做随机诱变’ 但是我不是科学家，我也不是绅士，所以它一点也不能干扰到我。我很轻松地赚到大笔的钱，因为它足够有效。”
Now, Dr. Arnold said, these are some of the questions she would like to answer: “How do you evolve innovation? How do you get a whole new chemical activity that you don’t know already existed? How can I evolve a whole new species of enzymes?”
阿诺德博士说，现在她想要回答一些问题比如：“你如何发展革新？你如何得到一种全新的化学活动在你不知道它存在的情况下？我如何进化出一种全新种类的酶？”
Dr. Arnold was born on July 25, 1956, in Pittsburgh. In 1979 she received her undergraduate degree in mechanical and aerospace engineering from Princeton University. She received her graduate degree in chemical engineering from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1985.
1956年7月25日阿诺德博士出生于匹兹堡。1979年她获得了普林斯顿大学机械与航天工程的本科学位。1985年她获得了加州大学伯克利分校化学工程的研究生学位。
She started teaching at Caltech in 1986. In 2013 she became the director of the institution’s Donna and Benjamin M. Rosen Bioengineering Center.
1986年她任教于加州理工学院。2013年她成为该机构的Donna and Benjamin M. Rosen 生物工程中心的主任。
Only eight Nobel Prizes have been awarded to women in physics or chemistry. It is also the first time that women have been honored with a chemistry Nobel and a physics Nobel in the same year.
在物理和化学领域只有8个诺贝尔奖颁给了女性。这也是第一次同一年中诺贝尔化学奖和诺贝尔物理奖都颁给了女性。
Dr. Arnold, speaking Wednesday at a news conference at Caltech, predicted that “a steady stream” of future Nobel Prizes in Chemistry would be given to women.
阿诺德博士周三在加州理工学院的新闻发布会上发言，预测未来诺贝尔化学奖会源源不断地颁给女性。
“It’s just such a rich resource,” she said. “And as long as we encourage everyone — it doesn’t matter the color, gender; everyone who wants to do science, we encourage them to do it — we are going to see Nobel Prizes coming from all these different groups. Women will be very successful.”
“这是非常丰富的资源，”她说。“只要我们鼓励每个人——不论肤色，性别；每个想做科学的人，我们都鼓励他们去做——我们将看到诺贝尔奖来自所有这些不同的群体。女性将会获得巨大的成功。”
第一次尝试翻译这么长的报道，肯定有很多语法错误，但是很开心可以向国人介绍这个伟大的诺奖获得者，不走寻常路的女性科学家——阿诺德博士。以后会接着翻译更多优秀的文章，介绍更多优秀的地球公民。
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