Abstract
植物病原真菌多能被病毒侵染,并且常发生多种病毒共同侵染一个真菌寄主的共侵染现象,但是多数情况下,这种共侵染是无症状的。有症状的侵染分为有害和有益于真菌两种,有害发症状包括:造成低毒力真菌或真菌衰弱现象,比如已知的板栗疫病(chestnut blight),白纹羽病(white root rot),油菜腐烂病(rapeseed rot)病原菌中的一些病毒造成此类症状;有益的影响目前研究发现存在于在一些植物内生病原真菌中,比如病毒的存在加强了真菌的耐热性,提高了真菌的致病力,甚至植物的耐热能力也提升了。
病毒共侵染给研究病毒之间互作提供了平台。
1. Introduction
根据国际病毒分类委员会(International Committee onTaxonomy of Viruses (ICTV))2016年发布的数据,真菌病毒大致有12个家族,一些家族与植物,动物病毒相似度较高,而另外一些自成一派。高通量实验使我们在今年来获得了大量的病毒基因数据,dsRNA和(+)ssRNA病毒为真菌病毒主要遗传物质类型。后来人们发现了ssDNA病毒(Genomoviridae)在真菌和环境中的存在(Yu et al., 2010; Krupovic et al., 2016)。2013年Kondo等人在白粉菌中发现了单股负链病毒(-)ssRNA病毒(mononegaviruses)可能的存在证据(Kondo et al., 2013)。Liu等人在真菌中有与动物病毒Nyamiviridae和Bornaviridae亲缘关系较近的(-)ssRNA病毒(Liu et al., 2014)。
由于真菌病毒独特的生活史,即没有胞外过程,所以造就了真菌病毒的一些特点,比如没有衣壳也可以进行侵染(Dawe and Nuss, 2013; Kanhayuwa et al., 2015; Zhanget al., 2016)。
一般真菌病毒的传播途径是通过孢子的竖直传播,或者通过菌丝融合的水平传播,没有胞外传播途径。目前只发现了一个例外,一种genomovirus-DNA病毒Sclerotiniagemycirculavirus 1 (SGCV1)可以在培养基上入侵真菌菌丝,并且食菌性昆虫也可以作为它的载体(Liu et al., 2016)。真菌物种间的营养不亲和是非特异性的抗病毒手段(【现学现卖】综述-真菌与病毒的周旋),当然实验室里也试图打破这个屏障,完成真菌病毒的传播(Liu et al., 2003)。
人们利用酵母及其病毒体系,研究真菌中影响dsRNA病毒复制的因子(Wickner et al., 2013)。然而在丝状真菌中的研究依然不多(Xie and Jiang, 2014),有人研究镰刀菌的HEX1基因对FgV1病毒在真菌中积累的影响(Son et al., 2013),Sun等人研究板栗疫病病毒和其病毒体系,发现一种病毒对其他病毒复制的影响(Sun and Suzuki, 2008)。
2. Types of Virus/Host Interactions
病毒对寄主真菌的影响有很多,比如影响真菌转录组,小RNA组,蛋白质组,代谢组,脂质组和表观基因组。多数呈现无症状感染,不过有的无症状感染的真菌在不同环境压力下也可能出现各种症状。并且病毒的侵染有的时候有害,有的时候有益,根据寄主的不同,环境因素的不同而变化(Vainio and Hantula, 2016)。
2.1 Beneficial Interactions With HostFungi
目前最有趣的一个例子,是植物,真菌和病毒与耐热能力的发现(Márquez et al., 2007)。有的会增强真菌的致病力(Ahn and Lee, 2001)。
2.2 Harmful Interactions With Host Fungi
有害影响最典型的例子就是板栗疫病的弱毒病毒,降低致病力常常伴随着真菌色素分泌,营养生长受抑制,有性孢子产量降低。最有名的病毒是CHV1,其他影响板栗疫病真菌致病力的还有CHV2, CHV3, mycoreovirus1(MyRV1), MyRV2。Rosellinia necatrix megabirnavirus 1(RnMBV1)和MyRV3可以降低白纹羽病真菌的致病力。核盘菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum中也发现了许多引起弱毒力的病毒,如SsHADV1, SsNSRV1, SsHV2,SsPV1。
3. Types of Virus/Virus Interactions
多种病毒共侵染一个真菌是很常见的,但是病毒之间的作用至今不明。
3.1 Synergistic Interactions BetweenViruses
两个病毒共侵染时,引起的症状比单独侵染严重。
3.2 Mutualistic Interactions BetweenViruses
有的病毒依靠另一个病毒完成复制,但是它并不是另一个病毒的卫星病毒或者遗传片段(Zhang et al., 2016; Hisano et al., 2018)。
3.3 Antagonistic Interactions BetweenViruses
一种病毒的存在抑制另一种病毒的复制。
3.4 Genome Rearrangements DuringCoinfection
板栗疫病被MyRV1和CHV1共侵染时发现两个病毒之间的影响,MyRV1的segment10常发生重排(Sun and Suzuki, 2008)。同时寄主的RNA沉默机制也会造成CHV1病毒基因组的重排(Sun et al., 2009)。重排还发生在自然和实验室条件下的partitiviruses之间(Chiba et al., 2013, 2016)。
3.5 Implication of Coinfections byMultiple Mito- and Mito-Like Viruses
线粒体病毒特点是使用与线粒体适配的一套密码子。线粒体病毒共侵染在真菌中很常见,目前多数线粒体病毒存在于丝状真菌中,有趣的是一些植物里也有与线粒体病毒同源的片段。
4. Conclusions and Prospects
真菌病毒种类很多,许多病毒与寄主之间的互作,病毒共侵染之间的互作需要更深入的研究。
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