https://aying0122.wordpress.com/2011/01/18/cpa115-financial-reporting-33/
CPA115 Financial Reporting (3/3)
18JAN
MODULE SIX
Part A: IFRS 3 Business Combinations
企业合并包含有两种情况，一种是直接吸收被收购方的净资产（purchasing the net assets of anotherbusiness），另外一种是收购对方股份以达到并购的目的（acquiring the shares of anotherbusiness to obtain control over that entity）。 第一种情况下，企业只是吸收对方的资产和负债，不附带其他连带责任（比如说员工啊，税收啊之类的），所以，在处理这一项交易的时候，企业只需要将收购的资 产和负债直接并入自己的财务报表即可。第二种情况，企业则变成了被收购方的股东，需要对整个企业负责，因此在第二种情况下，收购方要制定合并报表。
The acquisition method
IFRS 3要求所有的business combination的交易都要使用acquisition method进行计量。这个方法有四个步骤：
– Identifying an acquirer;
– Determining the acquisition date;
– Recognising and measuring the identifiable assets acquired, the liabilities assumed and anynon-controlling interest in the acquire; and
– Recognising and measuring goodwill or a gain from a bargain purchase.
在第三个步骤中要注意measurement的要求。对于non-controlling interest来说，并购企业可以用1）fair value；或者2）the NCL’s proportionate share of theacquiree’s identifiable net assets。对于measurement来说，准则提供了一些特例，例如contingent liability，参看表格6.2。
这里，我们来看看计算goodwill或者gain from a bargain purchase的公式。
Goodwill =Consideration transferred + the amount of non-controlling interest + fair valueof any previously held equity interest in the acquiree – the fair value of theidentifiable net assets acquired
计算goodwill有两种方法，full goodwill或者partial goodwill。材料后面部分的例子都采用了partial goodwill的方法。Goodwill 的后续计量应当遵照：at the amount recognised at acquisition date less any accumulatedimpairment losses。Goodwill是不允许被摊销，并且要至少每年测试一次其是否存在减值。
任何与并购交易有关的费用，就要计入当期损益科目，除非这些费用是跟发行债券或者权益工具有关。
Deferred tax arising from a business combination
相关的合并资产和负债按照公允价值重新评估，企业在编制合并财务报表的时候应当按照该公允价值进行合并。因此，temporary differences arise when thetax base of the asset acquired or liability assumed is either not affected, oris affected differently, by the business combination。这些确认的DTA/DTL会影响goodwill或者gain from a bargain purchase。
Business combinations involving an investmentin a subsidiary
在这种情况下，首先，收购者在收购有效日时，在自己的账上计入一笔投资investment in a subsidiary；接下来，并购的identifiable net assets则按照并购日时候的公允价值计入；确认是否有递延所得税的影响；然后，产生的goodwill则作为合并分录计入。
Part B: IAS 27 Consolidated and Separate Financial Statements
The group
这一部分，主要关注怎么定义“control”，it is defined as ‘the power to govern the financial and operatingpolicies of an entity so as to obtain benefits from its activities’. 两个企业之间是否存在控制关系，决定于其实质而非形式。
另外一个需要注意的内容是special purpose entity。IAS 27规定，an SPE should be consolidated wherethe substance of the relationship indicates that the SPE is controlled by theother entity。
Preparation of consolidated financial statement
企业财务报表合并是一个较为复杂的过程，其中包括了各种调整，以及分离少数股东权益。合并报表的前两个步骤主要包含了三种调整。在初始阶段，企业需要调整母公司和子公司之间因会计政策、方法不同而产生的差异；在合并过程中，则需要调整母子公司之间的内部交易。
– Aggregating line by line, like items of assets, liabilities, equity, income & expense;
– Adjusting these combined figures for transactions between entities within the group;
– Adjusting for dissimilar accounting policies or reporting periods;
– Eliminating pre-acquisition equity balances;
– Eliminating the effect of all transactions between all entities within the group.
Revaluation of assets subject to depreciation
首先看一下IFRS 3的规定：adepreciable non-current asset has to be revalued to fair value at theacquisition date, further consolidation adjustments will have to be undertakenin subsequent reporting periods to adjust depreciation charges。
在合并日，被合并企业的资产，特别是固定资产，会按照市场价值进行重新的估值。对公允价值的调整，如果子公司没有在其账面上进行相应调整的时候，那么，在每一次合并报表的时候，对需要对相关资产的价值进行调整，包括所涉及到的折旧。The group will want to recognise aconsolidation depreciation expense based on the fair value of the non-currentassets。
Transactions within the group
根据IAS 37的规定，intragroupbalances, transactions, income and expenses shall be eliminated in full。合并财务报表上披露的所有交易、信息，必须是集团本身与外部机构之间的交易。集团内部交易主要包括有：intra-group sale of inventory,intra-group sale of depreciable asset, payment of dividend by subsidiary,intra-group interest, & intra-group provision of services。表格6.3 对这些交易做了概括的介绍。
个人认为，在做这些调整的时候，需要准确地判断，这些交易是否导致了集团未实现的利润（比如内部买卖存货/固定资产），或者由于内部交易而导致的余额（比如内部买卖导致的应收应付账款）。
另外，在调整内部交易的时候，还需要考虑递延所得税的问题。比如说，子公司按照 $ 20,000的价格卖给母公司一批存货，其成本为$10,000，在报表日，母公司仅对外卖出一半的存货。从集团整体的角度上看，剩余的存货余额应该按照子公司的成本价格进行计算，因此调整之后的存货余额降低。但是从税法的角度上看，人家才不管你是否实现，账上余额是多少就是多少。因此，这就产生了deductible temporary difference，因为税法余额要比账面余额高，于是调整之后多了deferred tax asset。假设税率为30%，调整分录如下：
Dr:Sales $ 20,000
Cr: Inventory $5,000
Cost of goods sold $ 15,000
Dr Deferred tax asset $1,500
Cr: Income tax expense $ 1,500
Non-controlling interest
IAS 27对non-controlling interest的定义是：the equity in a subsidiary notattributable, directly or indirectly, to a parent。在Equity concept下面，NCI被划分为权益而非负债。NCI should be measured as therespective proportionate interest in the equity of the subsidiary after making adjustments for unrealised profits and lossesof the subsidiary。在调整NCI的过程中，有三种调整需要注意，分别为：
– The pre-acquisition equity consolidation adjustment;
– Dividends paid by the subsidiary; and
– The measurement and disclosure of the non-controlling interests in the consolidated financial statements.
在考虑各种税的因素之后，因合并而产生的资产revaluation应确认为Business combination reserve。当母公司100%控制子公司的时候，全部的BCR在pre-acquisition elimination entry的时候被抵消。但是，当存在NCI的时候，合并抵消分录只抵消母公司的proportion，剩余的BCR是属于NCI。That is, at theacquisition date, the NCI is equal to their share of the subsidiary’s recordedequity plus their share of the BCR.
在确认NCI的时候，要考虑其在集团equity的share，而不是子公司账面上的equity。因此，在计算NCI的过程中必须要抵消未确认的利润或者损失。
1）First, as NCIs have an interest inthe group via the subsidiary, only intra-group transactions that affect thesubsidiary’s equity require adjustment (transactions from subsidiary toparent);
2）The second point to note is therequirement to understand which transactions lead to unrealised profits/lossesfrom the perspective of the group.
Part C: IAS 28 Investments in Associates
IAS 28主要用在对另一企业有重大影响的、非控制性的情况，使用equity method。跟acquisitionmethod相比，Investments in associates是一项on-line交易。企业只需要在报表中计入investment in associates一项，并不需要合并。
在equity method下面，被投资企业当期损益以及other comprehensive income的变动，都按照投资比例计入到投资企业的investment in associates的balance里面；投资企业收到的分红，则抵减investment的balance。
这个部分最重要的，就是知道投资企业和被投资企业之间的交易也需要抵消，the transactions between theassociate and investor should be eliminated。Where anassociate is equity-accounted for, unrealised profits and losses from both ‘upstream’and ‘downstream’ transactions between the investor and associate should beeliminated to the extent of the investor’s ownership interest in the associate。下面是需要follow的步骤：
– only transactions involving unrealised profits and losses require elimination;
– the tax effect of eliminating unrealised profits needs to be recognised;
– the elimination is in proportion to the investor’s ownership interest in the associate; and
– the elimination adjustments are limited to ‘investment in associates’ and ‘share ofprofits of associates’.
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