一 words and expressions
1. ...that is, they rely on memorizing chunks of two or three or four digits and then arranging those groups in a retrieval structure so that they can be recalled in order later.
retrieval:the process of getting back information stored on a computer system〔计算机系统信息的〕检索
be beyond / past retrieval if a situation is beyond retrieval, it has become so bad that it cannot be made right again无可挽回,无可补救
造句:We have a lesson called documentation retrieval this semester.
2. Many of us assume that their highly developed palates can pick out subtleties and nuances in wines that are not apparent to the rest of us, but studies have shown that their powers are highly exaggerated.
palate:本义是the top part of the inside of your mouth颚,引申为a person's ability to taste and judge good food and wine(对美食、美酒的)鉴赏力
例:a discriminating palate敏锐的鉴赏力
nuance:a very slight, hardly noticeable difference in manner, color,meaning etc〔方式、颜色、意义等的〕细微差别
造句:Some language nuance is not interpretable.
3. In practice this often boils down to purposeful practice with a few extra steps.
boil down to:informal if a long statement, argument etc boils down to a single statement, that statement is the main point or cause要点是某事,归结为某事:
例句:It boils down to a question of priorities.
造句:It could simply boil down to a lack of opportunity: women still earn less than men working the same jobs.
二 summary & thoughts
如何运用刻意练习原则
正如定义那样,刻意练习是非常专业的练习形式,但即使你所处的行业不可能以最严格的意义进行刻意练习,你依然可以运用刻意练习的原则,指引自己发展最有效的练习方法。
辨别杰出人物
理想的情况是找到客观的、可复制的测量指标,以便前后一致地从普通从业者之中挑选出最优异的从业者。如果不存在那样的指标,就尽可能找。
找出杰出人物和其它人的差别
一旦你已经辩认出杰出人物,那么,辨别出是什么使他与其它人表现不同,那些差别就可以解释他的卓越成就。尽管人们做的许多事情也许和他们的杰出成就毫无关系,但至少可以从这个方面着手探索。
找到优秀的导师 优秀的导师可以为你提供宝贵的反馈。
——千里马常有,而伯乐不常有
1 万小时法则 true or false?
错在哪里
首先,各行业并没有一个固定的 1 万小时法则。在有的行业,要成为大师所需要的练习时间远大于 1 万小时,如在国际比赛中获奖的钢琴家,他们投入的时间可能超过了 2 万小时;在另外的行业,如在第 1 章提到的记忆力训练,实验都只花了 200 小时就能够忘记 84 个数字。
其次,只有刻意的练习对水平才有提高,无目的的练习对水平的提高并没有太大的帮助,这也正是为什么很多从业 20 年的医生比刚从业几年的医生要差。
对在哪里
在任何一个有着悠久历史的行业或领域,要想成就一番事业,致力于变成业内的杰出人物,需要付出许多年艰苦卓绝的努力。
这纠正了我们一直存在的误解,就是只要我们不断练习就会取得突破,而事实是只有刻意的练习对水平才有提高,无目的的练习对水平的提高并没有太大的帮助。
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