善于观察是一个非常好的习惯，说到这里我还要感谢大学时遇到的一位心理老师，当初找她是因为我感觉自己无法融入学校生活，然后他告诉我先去观察别人是怎么做的，虽然后面发现自己也不喜欢其他人的相处方式，但是从此我养成了观察他人的习惯，对于其他人的一些细微动作会很敏感，后期也会无意识的跟他之后的表现对应，从而印证当时他这么表现是代表了什么。这样的习惯让我具备了很好的识人能力，一般的掩饰无法躲过我的法眼。哈哈，当然还有喜欢看谍战剧，哪里面对于观察间谍的动作等刻意夸张的描述也潜移默化的学到了一些。
哎呀妈呀我这些奇怪的习惯都是怎么形成的呀，居然歪打正着了。不知道不具备这样习惯的人现在是什么感觉。我已经忘记了不观察他们的世界是什么样子了。大概就是以为为中心吧，不知道别人都在干什么？
善于发现的力量非常强大！
French chemist Louis Pasteur once said, "Chance favors the prepared mind."True enough. He might have added that it also favors the observant eye. Many obvious things wait to be seen, and yet we never notice them. What color eyes does your father have? What is your mother's favorite color? What is the pattern of the wallpaper in your dining room? How many of the houses on your street have white roof?
法国化学家路易斯巴斯德曾经说过：“机会有利于准备好的思想。” 真的够了。他可能补充说，它也支持敏锐的眼光。许多显而易见的事情都待观察，但我们从未注意到它们。你父亲有什么颜色的眼睛？你母亲最喜欢的颜色是什么？你餐厅的壁纸是什么样的？你街上有多少房子有白色的屋顶？
Being observant is not merely an interesting quality that livens our days. Clear and sound thinking often depends on subtleties that are revealed only by close observation. If there are gaps in our seeing and hearing, then there is less chance that the perceptions we base your judgments on will be complete and accurate. In addition, the keener our observation, the less likely it is that we will be slave to stereotypes, oversimplifications, and unwarranted assumption.
保持敏锐并不仅仅是一种有趣的品质而且激励我们的日子。清晰而健全的思考往往取决于仅通过密切观察才能发现的微妙之处。如果在我们的视听中存在差距，那么我们根据您的判断所做出的判断就不会完整和准确。另外，我们观察到的更加敏感，我们越不容易成为刻板印象的奴隶，过分简化和不合理的假设。
OBSERVING PEOPLE
观察人们
What people say and the way they say it (and sometimes what they omit saying) can be valuable clues to their unspoken views and attitudes. Noticing these things can help us decide which areas are sensitive to people, which their understanding seems weak in, and what approaches would be most fruitful in communicating with them.
人们说什么，和怎么说（有时他们忽略说）可以成为他们没说出的观点和态度的有价值的线索。注意到这些事情可以帮助我们确定哪些领域对人们敏感，哪些领域的理解似乎较弱，以及哪些方法在与他们沟通时最有成效。
These are certain signals people give when they are listening to indicate approval or disapproval of what is being said. An occasional nodding of the head, an encouraging smile, even a low "uh-huh" of assent all signal "I'm in agreement with you." On the other hand, a slight shaking of the head, a raising of an eyebrow, a pursing of the lips as the eyes roll upward, a frown, all suggest at least partial disagreement. Similarly, people who are bored with a discussion will usually betray this feeling even if they are trying not to. The way they glance at their watches, sigh resignedly, turn their attention to someone or something outside the expected focus, nervously fidget with an article of their clothing, or shift position frequently communicates their wish to change the subject or their companions.
这些是人们在听到表示批准或不赞成所说的内容时给出的某些信号。偶尔点头，一个鼓舞人心的微笑，甚至一个低的“呃，”表示“我同意你的意见”。另一方面，头部轻微抖动，抬起眉毛，当眼睛向上滚动时嘴唇翘起，皱起眉头，这些都表明至少部分意见不合。同样，厌倦讨论的人通常会避免这种感觉，即使他们试图不这样做。他们看着手表的方式，无奈地叹了口气，把注意力转向别人或别的事情，不安地摆弄着他们的衣服，或者换挡位置经常表达他们希望改变主题或其伴侣的愿望。
A great deal can be told even from the simple exchange of greetings by two people passing each other. Merely the tone in which the greeting is expressed can suggest whether the people like and respect each other and whether they consider each other equals. None of these reactions, however subtle, are missed by observant people. And, as may be obvious, aside from the benefits to their thinking, careful attention is a great aid in making people more sensitive to and thoughtful of others.
甚至可以通过两个人相互通过简单的问候交流来告诉他们很多事情。仅仅表达问候的语气可以表明人们是否喜欢彼此，彼此尊重，以及他们是否认为彼此是平等的。这些反应无论如何微妙，都不会被有见识的人遗漏。而且，很明显，除了他们思考的好处之外，仔细的注意力是帮助人们更敏感和思考他人的重要援助。
A student in a writing class raises his hand and asks the teacher if he can borrow a pen. (The class is in its ninth week and the in-class writing assignment was announced previously.) The instructor gives him a long search look, slowly reaches into her pocket and extracts a pen, and walks in a labored step to the students desk and hands it to him. No words have been spoken. No obvious gestures have signaled the instructor's displeasure. But if the student is observant, he will have seen the displeasure in the look and the resigned, "what's the use" gait.
一位写作班的学生举起手，问老师他是否可以借一支钢笔。 （课堂在第九周，课堂作业已在之前公布。）教师给了他一个长长的眼神，慢慢伸入她的口袋里，抽出一支笔，然后走到学生的办公桌前，把它交给他。没有人说过话。没有明显的手势表明教练的不满。但是，如果学生是敏锐的，他会看到在老师外表露出的不满，“有什么用”的步态。
Good detectives are observant. They know that one small, easily overlooked clue can mean the difference between a solved and an unsolved case. Similarly, every good trial lawyer must be a studious observer of people. The nervous glance of a witness when a certain aspect of the case is mentioned can suggest the most productive line of questioning. Likewise, we can conduct our critical thinking more effectively if we observe other people's behavior carefully.
好侦探是敏锐的。他们知道，一个小的，容易被忽视的线索可能意味着已解决案件和未解决案件之间的区别。同样，每一位优秀的审判律师都必须是一个勤奋的观察员。当提到案件的某个方面时，对证人的紧张瞥视可以表明最有成效的提问线索。同样，如果我们仔细观察别人的行为，我们可以更有效地进行批判性思维。
OBSERVATION IN SCIENCE AND MEDICINE
科学与医学的观察
We own today's knowledge of the causes and treatments of heart attack in part to the careful observation of one doctor. Dr. James B. Herrick was the first physician ever to diagnose a heart attack in a living patient. He did so without benefit of blood tests or electrocardiograms. In doing so, he opened the door to the modern era in heart care. Until that time heart attacks were not recognized as a disease. The symptoms that even lay people have learned to recognize today were until Herrick's discovery regarded as "acute indigestion." Herrick established that most heart attacks are due to a clot in a coronary artery and that such an attack need not be fatal.(Interestingly, Herrick had earlier discovered the disease known as sickle-cell anemia.)
我们拥有当今对心脏病发作原因和治疗方法的了解，部分原因是一位医生的仔细观察。 James B. Herrick博士是有史以来第一位诊断活体患者心脏病发作的医生。他这样做没有血液测试或心电图的测试。在这样做的时候，他打开了通往心脏护理现代的大门。直到那时，心脏病发作才被认为是一种疾病。赫瑞克的这一发现让人们累的症状，甚至连人们今天也会误认为症状都是是“急性消化不良”。赫里克确定，大多数心脏病发作是由于冠状动脉中的凝块所致，这种袭击不一定是致命的。 （有趣的是，赫里克早些时候发现了这种称为镰状细胞性贫血的疾病。）
Another well-known and extremely fortuitous occasion when the power of observation paid handsome dividends for humanity took place in 1929. Sir Alexander Fleming accidentally contaminated a staphylococcus culture with a mold. He noticed that the staph colonies began to undergo dissolution. Recognizing the great value of whatever substance in the mold had caused the dissolution, Fleming turned his attention to the mold. Eventually, he isolated the substance that has since saved countless millions of lives – penicillin. A few years earlier, in 1922, Fleming had made another dramatic discovery. He had a cold and a runny nose. As he was working with a glass pate on which bacteria were growing, a drop from his nose fell onto the plate. In a short time he noticed that the drop had destroyed some of the bacteria. Thus he discovered a substance called lysozyme, a protein and enzyme also found in saliva and tears. Now some researchers believe that lysozyme may play a part in controlling cancer.
另一个众所周知的非常偶然的场合是，观察的力量为人类带来了丰厚的红利，发生在1929年。亚历山大弗莱明爵士意外地用霉菌污染了葡萄球菌培养物。他注意到葡萄球菌克隆细胞开始解散。认识到模具中什么物质的巨大价值导致了溶解，弗莱明把注意力转向了模具。最终，他孤立了这种物质，从而拯救了数以百万计的生命 - 青霉素。几年前，在1922年，弗莱明又发生了一次重大的发现。他感冒了，流鼻涕。当他正在用细菌生长的玻璃脑袋工作时，他鼻子上的一滴水滴落在盘子上。在很短的时间内，他注意到水滴已经破坏了一些细菌。因此他发现了一种叫做溶菌酶的物质，这种物质也是唾液和眼泪中发现的一种蛋白质和酶。现在一些研究认为溶菌酶可能参与控制癌症。
The French Nobel prize-winning molecular biologist Jacques Monod owes his discovery that manic-depression is genetically linked to his casual yet observant browsing through statistics. He explains how it happened as follows:
法国诺贝尔奖得主分子生物学家雅克莫诺得到的发现是，躁狂抑郁症与他随意而敏锐的浏览统计数据有着遗传上的联系。他解释如何发生如下：
One day I was getting bored at one of the committee meetings we are always having to attend. I was leafing through some statistics form psychiatric hospitals,and I noted with amazement, under manic depressives, that women outnumbered men two to one. I said to myself, "That must have a genetic origin, and can mean only one thing; it is traceable to a dominant gene linked to sex."
有一天，我在我们一直不得不参加的一次委员会会议上感到无聊。我正在翻阅精神病医院的一些统计数据，我惊讶地注意到，在躁狂抑郁症下，女性比例高于男性。我对自己说：“这必须有遗传起源，只能说一件事;它可以追溯到与性别有关的显性基因。”
THE RANGE OF APPLICATION
应用范围
Countless example of the benefits of close observation could be cited in every occupation and activity in life. Two cases will serve to illustrate the range of applications.
密切观察的好处的无数例子可以在生活中的每一种职业和活动中引用。两个案例将说明应用的范围。
In a small upstate NewYork town, a steam foreman named Eric Houck was degreasing valves. One of the valves accidentally fell into a can of chemicals used to clean garbage cans. Houck grabbed an old stick and fished the valve from the can. As he did so, he noticed that the stick came out clean. The chemicals had stripped off the grime and paint. His curiosity aroused, Houck applied the chemical s to an old chair.It too came out clean to the bare wood. Since that happy discovery, Eric Houck has built a thriving furniture-stripping business, with more than 200 franchises operating in thirty-five states. All this has come from a chance happening that the average person would probably not even have noticed.
在纽约州的一个小镇上，一位名叫Eric Houck的蒸汽工头正在对阀门进行脱脂。其中一个阀意外落入用于清洁垃圾桶的化学制品罐中。 Houck抓起一根旧棒，从罐头上取出阀门。当他这样做时，他注意到棍子出来干净。化学品已经剥去了污垢和油漆。他的好奇心引起了，Houck将这些化学物质应用到了一把旧椅子上。它也露出来干净的木头。自从那个令人高兴的发现以来，Eric Houck已经建立了一个蓬勃发展的家具脱脂业务，在全美三十五个州拥有200多个特许经营店。所有这一切都来自于普通人可能甚至没有注意到的偶然事件。
In the late 1950s John T. Molloy was an instructor in a Connecticut prep school. He began to observe some connection between the kind of shoes a teacher wore and student performance. As instructor who wore laced shoes seemed to get consistently better results than one who wore penny loafers. Molloy was intrigued by this apparent connection. He began to conduct a number of experiments. He found that the light colored work clothing worn by the Boston Strangler had apparently willingly follow the directions of people whose dress and manner suggest position and authority than they do those of people with a shabby appearance.
在20世纪50年代后期，约翰·莫洛伊在康涅狄格州的一所预科学校担任讲师。他开始观察老师穿的那种鞋和学生行为之间的某种联系。因为穿着鞋带鞋的教练似乎比佩戴便士乐福鞋的人的效果持续更好。莫洛伊被这种明显的联系所吸引。他开始进行一些实验。他发现波士顿扼杀者穿的浅色工作服显然乐于遵循那些穿着和服装的方式能表明他们的地位和权威的人的指令，而不是那些外表寒酸的人。
These observations have enabled Molloy to build a very successful "wardrobe engineering" consulting business (his services are sought by numerous executives) and to author the popular book Dress for Success.
这些观察使莫洛伊能够建立一个非常成功的“衣橱工程”咨询业务（他的服务受到众多高管的追捧），并撰写了畅销书“成功礼服”。
For most of us, being observant may not have the dramatic results it did for Houck and Molloy.Nevertheless, it can help us relate more meaningfully to people and learn more about the things around us. Most important, it can aid our critical thinking.
对于我们大多数人来说，留意观察可能没有为Houck和Molloy做出显着的结果。尽管如此，它可以帮助我们更有意义地与人交流，并更多地了解我们周围的事物。最重要的是，它可以帮助我们批判性思考。
BECOMING MORE OBSERVANT
变得更注意观察
The way to be observant is to use all five of our senses to keep our minds from wandering aimlessly. Too often people are unobservant because they are too absorbed in themselves – their own thoughts and feelings. When they speak, they are so busy forming their words and enjoying the sound of their voices that they forget their listeners. Observant people, on the other hand, have learned how to get outside themselves, to be constantly in touch with what is happening around them.
要注意的方法是使用我们所有的五种感官来防止我们的思想漫无目的地流浪。很多时候，人们往往不太在意，因为他们太过专注于自己的想法和感受。当他们说话时，他们忙于形成他们的话语并享受他们的声音，他们忘记了他们的听众。另一方面，善于观察的人已经学会了如何让自己走出去，并不断与周围发生的事情保持联系。
A good way to start becoming more observant is to practice receiving sense impressions more attentively. At the next meeting of an organization you belong to or in the next discussion in your dorm, try to notice things you would normally miss –objects in the room, the arrangement of the furniture, the positions of the people in relation to one another, the subtle reactions of people during the discussion. The next time you are talking to the store or the movies, try to see how many things you've been missing. Which houses are best cared for? How many people smile and nod or otherwise greet you? What activities are people you pass engaged in? Do they seem to be enjoying what they are doing? How many different sounds do you hear? Which sounds dominate? Are they pleasant or harsh? How many different styles of walking can you detect among the people you pass?
开始变得更加细心的一个好方法是练习更加注意地接受感官印象。在你宿舍组织的下一次会议上或你参加的下一次会议中，试着注意你通常会错过的东西 - 房间里的物品，家具的布置，人与人之间的相对位置，讨论期间人们的微妙反应。下次您与商店店员交谈或看电影时，请尝试查看您遗失了多少东西。哪些房屋最好照顾？有多少人微笑点头或以其他方式迎接你？你通过哪些人参与的活动？他们似乎在享受他们在做什么？你听到多少种不同的声音？哪个声音占主导地位？他们是愉快的还是苛刻的？你能在你通过的人中发现多少种不同的步行方式？
When you are reading a magazine or newspaper or watching TV, look for the significance of things.Consider the connections between ideas, even among apparently unrelated ones.An article about an astronomer's location of a new phenomenon in the heaves may reveal something about concentration and mental discipline. A TV show about the effects of negligence and abuse on children may suggest a new perspective on marriage or divorce or the Hollywood image of romance.
当你在阅读杂志或报纸或看电视时，寻找事物的意义。考虑想法之间的联系，即使是显然不相关的联系。一篇关于天文学家在一堆新现象中位置的文章可能揭示了一些关于集中和精神纪律的内容。一个关于疏忽和虐待对儿童的影响的电视节目可能表明对婚姻或离婚或好莱坞浪漫形象的新观点。
REFLECTING ON YOUR OBSERVATIONS
反思你的观察
Observation will sometimes, by itself, bring valuable insights. But you can increase the number and quality of your insights by developing the habit of reflecting on your observations. The best way to do this is to set aside a special time every day – early in the morning, perhaps, or late in the evening (but not when you are exhausted). It needn't be long; ten or fifteen minutes may be enough. But be sure you are free of distractions. Review what you have seen and heard during the past twenty-four hours. Ask yourself what it means, how it relates to other important matters, and how you can use it to improve yourself or to spur achievement.
有时候，观察本身会带来有价值的见解。但是，通过养成反思观察的习惯，你可以增加见解的数量和质量。做到这一点的最佳方式是每天预留特殊时间 - 早晨，或晚上（但不是当你筋疲力尽时）。它不需要很长时间;十到十五分钟就足够了。但要确保你没有分心。回顾过去二十四小时内您所看到和听到的内容。问问自己这是什么意思，它与其他重要事项的关系，以及如何使用它来改善自己或刺激成就。
Let's say that you heard this proverb earlier today: "To be content with little is difficult; to be content with much, impossible." Reflecting on it might lead you to the conclusion that popular culture's emphasis on possessing things – new cars, stylish clothes, and so on – is a false value, that material wealth can never guarantee happiness.
假设你今天早些时候听到了这个谚语：“满足少数人是困难的;要满足于多数人是不可能的。”反思它可能导致你得出结论：流行的观点强调拥有东西 - 新车，时髦的衣服等 - 是一种虚假的价值观，物质财富永远不能保证幸福。
Or you may have read the news that a Michigan court ruled that a fetus may be considered a person in a wrongful death lawsuit. A man's wife and sixteen-week-old fetus were killed after she swerved her car to avoid hitting an unleashed dog. The man sued the dog's owners. (This decision departed from previous court rulings in Michigan that a fetus is not a person until it can survive outside the uterus.) Here your reflection might lead you to consider the implications of this ruling for the issue of abortion.
或者您可能已经阅读了密歇根州法院裁定胎儿可能被认为是不正当死亡诉讼中的人的消息。一名男子的妻子开车时急转弯以避免撞到一只突然出现的狗，她和十六周大的胎儿都不幸身亡。这名男子起诉了狗的主人。（这一决定背离了密西根州以前的法院判决，认为胎儿不是一个人，直到它可以在子宫外存活。）这里你的反思可能会导致你考虑这项裁决对堕胎问题的影响。
APPLICATIONS
应用
1 Select a place where you can observe other people as suggested in this chapter. The campus snack bar, for example, or a dormitory lounge. Go there and stay at least half an hour. Try to notice more than the obvious. Look for subtleties, things you'd normally miss. Take notes on what you observe.
按照本章的建议选择一个可以观察其他人的地方。例如校园小吃店或宿舍休息室。去那里停留至少半个小时。尝试注意比显而易见的更多。寻找微妙的东西，你通常会错过的东西。记下你观察的内容。
2 As you instructor in this course or one of your other courses for permission to visit another of his or her sections. Go to that class and observe carefully the reactions of individual students – for example, the subtle indications they give of attention or inattention. Take notes.
作为您在本课程中的讲师或您的其他课程之一，可以访问他或她的其他课程。去那个班，仔细观察个别学生的反应 - 例如，他们给予注意力或注意力不集中的微妙迹象。做笔记。
3 Make yourself look as sloppy and scruffy as you can. Put on old, wrinkled clothes. Mess up your hair. Rub dirt on your face and arms. Then go into a store and ask a clerk for assistance. Speak to other customers. Check the clerk's reaction to you and the reactions of other customers. A day or so later return to the same store looking your very neatest and cleanest. Speak and act in the same manner. Note people's reactions. Compare them with those you got the first time.
尽可能让自己看起来邋遢。穿上旧皱折的衣服。弄乱你的头发。擦你脸上和手臂上的污垢。然后进入一家商店，并要求店员寻求帮助。跟其他客户说话。观察店员对你的反应和其他顾客的反应。大约一天之后，你会回到同一家商店，这次穿着非常干净整洁。说话并采取相同的行动。注意人们的反应。将它们与您第一次看到的相比较。
4 How mannerly are the students, faculty, and staff at your college? To answer this question, observe their behavior in various campus situations, noting examples of courtesy and rudeness.
你学校的学生，教职员工和工作人员的态度如何？为了回答这个问题，观察他们在各种校园情况下的行为，并注意礼貌和粗鲁的例子。
5 Many people have become so accustomed to advertisements that they no longer examine them carefully and critically. Look closely at the advertising you encounter in a typical day in newspapers and magazines, on television, and elsewhere. Determine what appeals are used to elicit a favorable response from you and how much specific information about the products or services is presented in the advertisements. Record your observations.
许多人已经习惯了广告，以致于他们不再仔细审查和批判性地审视它们。仔细看看你在特定的日子里在报纸，杂志，电视和其他地方遇到的广告。确定用什么方式来引起你的好评，以及广告中提供了什么特殊的关于产品或服务的具体信息。 记录你的观察。
6 Practice reflecting, as explained in this chapter, on the following quotations:
正如本章所解释的那样，反思如下引语：
If I am not for myself, who will be? But if I am only for myself, what am I?
如果我不是为了我自己，谁会成为？但如果我只是为了自己，我是什么？
Rabbi Hillel
Travel makes a wise man better but a fool worse.
旅行使智者更好，但更糟的是愚蠢。
Thomas Fuller
It is not easy to find happiness in ourselves, and it is not possible to find it elsewhere.
我们自己找到幸福并不容易，在其他地方找到它是不可能的。
Agnes Repplier
You can not really love God unless you love your neighbor.
除非你爱你的邻居，否则你不可能真的爱上帝。
Anonymous
匿名
7 Apply your critical thinking to each of the following issues. Make a special effort to recall situations you have observed that are related to the issue, and ask yourself, "What conclusion do these observations point to?" (If your observations have been too limited, solicit the observations of other people.)
将您的批判性思维应用于以下每个问题。做一个特殊的努力来回忆你所观察到的与问题有关的情况，然后问自己：“这些观察结果指出什么结论？” （如果您的观察结果太有限，请征求其他人的意见。）
In recent years books and articles have been written to warn people of the dangers of workaholism. During the same period there have been few, if any, warnings about chronic laziness. Which is more prevalent in this country today, workaholism or chronic laziness?
近年来，书籍和文章的撰写是为了警告人们工作狂的危险。在同一时期，很少有关于慢性懒惰的警告（如果有的话）。这在今日这个国家更普遍，工作狂还是慢性懒惰？
Vince Lombardi's now-famous view of wining is as follows: "Winning isn't everything – it's the only thing." Is this a healthy view to bring to athletic competition? To other forms of competition?
文斯隆巴迪现在着名的获奖观点如下：“胜利不是一切 - 这是唯一的事情。” 这对运动竞赛来说是健康的观点吗？还是其他形式的竞争？
Should parents be held legally and financially responsible for children over the age of sixteen who live at home?
家长应该对16岁以上在家的孩子负法律上和经济上的责任吗？
Group discussion exercise: select one of the cases you analyzed in application 7 and discuss it with two or three of your classmates. Try to reach a consensus on the issue. Be preparedto present your idea(s) to the class.
小组讨论练习：选择您在应用7中分析的一个案例，并与两个或三个同学讨论。尝试就此问题达成共识。准备好向班级介绍你的想法。
这个系列是对超越感觉：批判性思考指南 07版做的翻译练习，如果觉得有帮助可以点链接购买第九版中文，英文原版在这里Beyond Feelings：A Guide to Critical Thinking （英语）
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