上句见：Day132
The Story of Philosophy的第133句：第1章Plato第2节II. Socrates第8段第2句：

It was his reply to these questions that gave Socrates death and immortality. The older citizens would have honored him had he tried to restore the ancient polytheistic faith; if he had led his band of emancipated souls to the temples and the sacred groves, and bade them sacrifice again to the gods of their fathers. But he felt that that was a hopeless and suicidal policy, a progress backward, into and not “over the tombs.” He had his own religious faith: he believed in one God, and hoped in his modest way that death would not quite destroy him; but he knew that a lasting moral code could not be based upon so uncertain a theology. If one could build a system of morality absolutely independent of religious doctrine, as valid for the atheist as for the pietist, then theologies might come and go without loosening the moral cement that makes of wilful individuals the peaceful citizens of a community.
浙江大学译本：假使苏格拉底试图恢复古老的多神信仰，假使他能带领他那帮灵魂被解放了的学生前往庙宇圣林朝拜、祭祀父辈所崇奉的神祇，老一辈的公民便会将敬意献给他。

解析

这句描述苏格拉底可以不死可以受老一辈尊重等可能的路径。这句用了虚拟语气。
1、The older citizens would have honored him had he tried to restore the ancient polytheistic faith;
若苏格拉底试图恢复古老的多神信仰，年长的公民便会尊敬他。
这是省略if的虚拟倒装句，没省略之前的是：“The older citizens would have honored him if he had tried to restore the ancient polytheistic faith.” 省略if并倒装一是为了简洁，二是为了强调。
polytheistic：词根部分“the”来自希腊语词根“theos”，意为“神”；前缀部分“poly-”表示“多”；后缀部分：-istic”是形容词后缀，表示“……的”。
So as anyone who has ever practices yoga knows, Hinduism is the most flexible of all the world religions, which is part of the reason it’s often described as polytheistic.因此，任何练过瑜伽的人都知道，印度教是世界上所有宗教中最灵活的， 这也是它经常被描述为多神教的部分原因。《世界史》

2、if he had led his band of emancipated souls to the temples and the sacred groves,
如果他带领他那帮灵魂已经解放了的门徒去庙宇圣林。
emancipate：to free someone from someone else’s control or power 解放，使脱离
“emancipate”的构词
词根是“manus”，意为“手”。在古罗马时期，当父亲将儿子从自己的控制下解放出来时，会举行一个仪式，在这个仪式上，父亲会用手触碰儿子，象征着儿子获得自由。因此，“manus”这个词根与“解放”“自由”的概念有关。
前缀：“e-”表示“出”“向外”。它的作用是加强词根的含义，表示从某种状态中脱离出来。
动词后缀“-ate”表示“使……”“做……”。它的作用是将词根和前缀组合起来，构成一个动词，表示“使……脱离某种状态”。
The period did see brief strides for newly emancipated black citizens.这一时期确实见证了新解放的黑人公民的短暂进步。《起源的故事》
grove：a small group of trees树丛；小树林
People become surprised by the blinding azure and coconut groves in these parts.人们惊叹于这片耀眼的湛蓝色海水和椰子林。《环游世界》

3、and bade them sacrifice again to the gods of their fathers.
要求他们再次向他们父辈的神祇献祭。
bade：bid的过去式，formal, to order or command (someone) to do something要求，命令
I will do as you bid me. Please let me toss this hay. 我要按你吩咐的去做，请让我去扔干草吧。《美国原版语文第2册》
sacrifice：to give up (something that you want to keep) especially in order to get or do something else to help someone.牺牲
In seeking independence, they do not sacrifice their human dignity.在寻求独立的同时，他们并不牺牲做人的尊严。《新概念三》

假如他试图恢复古老的多神信仰，假如他带领他那群被解放的灵魂前往庙宇圣林，并要求他们再次向他们祖先的神祇献祭，那么年长的公民就会尊敬他。