学习ReentrantLock之前，先了解一下可重入锁的概念。何为可重入锁，顾名思义，就是可重入的。真是听君一席话，胜听一席话啊。
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正经点，可重入锁就是能够支持同一个线程对资源的重复加锁。注意两个关键字：同一线程和重复。
像synchronized关键字也实现了可重入。用synchronized修饰的方法，在进行递归调用时，执行线程在获取了锁之后仍然能够连续多次获得该锁，并不会出现阻塞的情况。
再比如说，这篇文章要学习的ReentrantLock，也实现了可重入锁。并且ReentrantLock还支持公平锁和非公平锁（默认是非公平锁）。
1、ReentrantLock源码学习
1.1 构造方法
ReentrantLock的源码比较简单，并且它也是基于AQS实现的。先看看它的构造函数
/**
* Creates an instance of {@code ReentrantLock}.
* This is equivalent to using {@code ReentrantLock(false)}.
*/
public ReentrantLock() {
sync = new NonfairSync();
}
/**
* Creates an instance of {@code ReentrantLock} with the
* given fairness policy.
*
* @param fair {@code true} if this lock should use a fair ordering policy
*/
public ReentrantLock(boolean fair) {
sync = fair ? new FairSync() : new NonfairSync();
}
默认就是非公平锁。
1.2 锁的释放
Sync类就是继承自AQS的，FairSync类和NonfairSync类又是继承自Sync。对于公平锁和非公平锁，其释放锁的逻辑都是一样的，所以在Sync类中实现。
abstract static class Sync extends AbstractQueuedSynchronizer {
protected final boolean tryRelease(int releases) {
int c = getState() - releases;
// 判断当前线程是不是占有锁的线程，如果不是，抛异常
if (Thread.currentThread() != getExclusiveOwnerThread())
throw new IllegalMonitorStateException();
boolean free = false;
// 同步变量state的值为0时，才释放锁，返回true
if (c == 0) {
free = true;
setExclusiveOwnerThread(null);
}
// 设置同步变量的值
setState(c);
return free;
}
}
可以发现可重入锁的释放逻辑，对于占有锁的线程来说，只有在同步变量state的值为0的时候，才算是释放了锁。
1.3 锁的获取
锁的获取分公平锁和非公平锁。非公平锁的获取逻辑实现在Sync类中
abstract static class Sync extends AbstractQueuedSynchronizer {
/**
* Performs non-fair tryLock. tryAcquire is implemented in
* subclasses, but both need nonfair try for trylock method.
* 非公平锁，获取锁
*/
final boolean nonfairTryAcquire(int acquires) {
final Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
int c = getState();
// 同步变量为0，说明没有线程占用锁
if (c == 0) {
// CAS获取锁，注意这里并没有判断该线程是不是同步队列的队头
if (compareAndSetState(0, acquires)) {
setExclusiveOwnerThread(current);
return true;
}
}
// 判断当前线程是不是占有锁的线程
else if (current == getExclusiveOwnerThread()) {
// 增加同步变量state的值
int nextc = c + acquires;
if (nextc < 0) // overflow
throw new Error("Maximum lock count exceeded");
setState(nextc);
return true;
}
return false;
}
}
可以发现Sync类似并没有重写AQS的tryAcquire方法，而是放到了它的子类FairSync类和NonfairSync类中去实现的。
看看NonfairSync类的源码
// 非公平锁
static final class NonfairSync extends Sync {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 7316153563782823691L;
// 上来先CAS获取一下锁，如果获取失败，再调用AQS的acquire方法
final void lock() {
if (compareAndSetState(0, 1))
setExclusiveOwnerThread(Thread.currentThread());
else
acquire(1);
}
// 调用Sync类的nonfairTryAcquire方法
protected final boolean tryAcquire(int acquires) {
return nonfairTryAcquire(acquires);
}
}
看看FairSync类的源码
// 公平锁
static final class FairSync extends Sync {
private static final long serialVersionUID = -3000897897090466540L;
// 直接调用AQS的acquire方法
final void lock() {
acquire(1);
}
/**
* Fair version of tryAcquire. Don't grant access unless
* recursive call or no waiters or is first.
*/
protected final boolean tryAcquire(int acquires) {
final Thread current = Thread.currentThread();
int c = getState();
// 同步变量为0，说明没有线程占有锁
if (c == 0) {
/**
* 判断同步队列中当前节点是否有前驱节点，也就是只有当前节点是头结点并且CAS成功的情况下，当
* 前线程才能占有锁
*/
if (!hasQueuedPredecessors() &&
compareAndSetState(0, acquires)) {
setExclusiveOwnerThread(current);
return true;
}
}
// 当前线程已经占有锁，则增加state变量的值
else if (current == getExclusiveOwnerThread()) {
int nextc = c + acquires;
if (nextc < 0)
throw new Error("Maximum lock count exceeded");
setState(nextc);
return true;
}
return false;
}
}
可以发现公平锁和非公平锁在获取锁的时候，唯一的差别就是公平锁判断了当前节点是不是头结点，只有是头结点的情况下才可能获取到锁。非公平锁就不一样了，上来就直接CAS。
上面的方法都是在ReentrantLock类内部用的，对外提供的接口如下
// 获取锁，在等待获取锁的过程中休眠并禁止一切线程调度
public void lock() {
sync.lock();
}
// 在等待获取锁的过程中可被中断
public void lockInterruptibly() throws InterruptedException {
sync.acquireInterruptibly(1);
}
// 尝试获取锁，获取到锁并返回true；获取不到并返回false
public boolean tryLock() {
return sync.nonfairTryAcquire(1);
}
// 在指定时间内等待获取锁；过程中可被中断
public boolean tryLock(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)
throws InterruptedException {
return sync.tryAcquireNanos(1, unit.toNanos(timeout));
}
// 释放锁
public void unlock() {
sync.release(1);
}
2、测试
测试一下ReentrantLock的公平锁和非公平锁。
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
public class FairAndUnfairTest {
private static Sync fairLock = new Sync(true);
private static Sync noFairLock = new Sync(false);
public static void testLock(Sync lock) {
// 开启5个线程
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
new Thread(new Job(lock), String.valueOf(i)).start();
}
}
private static class Job extends Thread {
private Sync lock;
public Job(Sync lock) {
this.lock = lock;
}
public void run() {
for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
lock.lock();
System.out.println("locked by " + currentThread().getName() + ", waiting by " + lock.getQueueThreads());
lock.unlock();
}
}
}
private static class Sync extends ReentrantLock {
public Sync(boolean fair) {
super(fair);
}
/**
* 获取等待队列
* @return
*/
public List<String> getQueueThreads() {
List<Thread> arrayList = new ArrayList<Thread>(super. getQueuedThreads());
Collections.reverse(arrayList);
List<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
arrayList.forEach(el -> {
list.add(el.getName());
});
return list;
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
//testLock(fairLock);
testLock(noFairLock);
}
}
公平锁输出如下
locked by 0, waiting by [1, 2]
locked by 1, waiting by [2, 4, 3, 0]
locked by 2, waiting by [4, 3, 0, 1]
locked by 4, waiting by [3, 0, 1, 2]
locked by 3, waiting by [0, 1, 2, 4]
locked by 0, waiting by [1, 2, 4, 3]
locked by 1, waiting by [2, 4, 3]
locked by 2, waiting by [4, 3]
locked by 4, waiting by [3]
locked by 3, waiting by []
非公平锁输出如下
locked by 0, waiting by [2]
locked by 0, waiting by [2, 3, 1, 4]
locked by 2, waiting by [3, 1, 4]
locked by 2, waiting by [3, 1, 4]
locked by 3, waiting by [1, 4]
locked by 3, waiting by [1, 4]
locked by 1, waiting by [4]
locked by 1, waiting by [4]
locked by 4, waiting by []
locked by 4, waiting by []
可以发现公平锁总是按照顺序来依次获取锁。而非公平锁却是连续获取。回顾nonfairTryAcquire(int acquires)方法，当一 个线程请求锁时，只要获取了同步状态即成功获取锁。在这个前提下，刚释放锁的线程再次获取同步状态的几率会非常大，使得其他线程只能在同步队列中等待。
非公平锁可能会出现线程饥饿的情况，当竞争的线程很多时，后面的线程可能一直都获取不到锁。那为啥ReentrantLock默认是非公平锁呢？经过上面的测试可以发现，在公平锁的情况下，线程进行了10次上下文切换，非公平锁情况下只进行了5次。
线程上下文切换是一个耗费时间和资源的操作，所以在线程竞争激烈的情况下，非公平锁无疑能够节省很多的资源。
总结一下就是：公平性锁保证了锁的获取按照FIFO原则，而代价是进行大量的线程切换。非公平性锁虽然可能造成线程“饥饿”，但极少的线程切换，保证了其更大的吞吐量。
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