在线SQL 测试网站:http://www.sqlfiddle.com/,这个网站有时访问不太稳定。
下面的表和题出自:https://blog.csdn.net/mrbcy/article/details/68965271
先创建表:
create table students(
sno varchar(3) not null,
sname varchar(4) not null,
ssex varchar(2) not null,
sbirthday datetime,
class varchar(5)
);
create table courses(
cno varchar(5) not null,
cname varchar(10) not null,
tno varchar(10) not null
);
create table scores(
sno varchar(3) not null,
cno varchar(5) not null,
degree numeric(10, 1) not null
);
create table teachers(
tno varchar(3) not null,
tname varchar(4) not null,
tsex varchar(2) not null,
tbirthday datetime not null,
prof varchar(6),
depart varchar(10) not null
);
insert into students (sno,sname,ssex,sbirthday,class) values (108 ,'曾华' ,'男' ,'1977-09-01',95033);
insert into students (sno,sname,ssex,sbirthday,class) values (105 ,'匡明' ,'男' ,'1975-10-02',95031);
insert into students (sno,sname,ssex,sbirthday,class) values (107 ,'王丽' ,'女' ,'1976-01-23',95033);
insert into students (sno,sname,ssex,sbirthday,class) values (101 ,'李军' ,'男' ,'1976-02-20',95033);
insert into students (sno,sname,ssex,sbirthday,class) values (109 ,'王芳' ,'女' ,'1975-02-10',95031);
insert into students (sno,sname,ssex,sbirthday,class) values (103 ,'陆君' ,'男' ,'1974-06-03',95031);
insert into courses(cno,cname,tno) values ('3-105' ,'计算机导论',825);
insert into courses(cno,cname,tno) values ('3-245' ,'操作系统' ,804);
insert into courses(cno,cname,tno) values ('6-166' ,'数据电路' ,856);
insert into courses(cno,cname,tno) values ('9-888' ,'高等数学' ,100);
insert into scores(sno,cno,degree) values (103,'3-245',86);
insert into scores(sno,cno,degree) values (105,'3-245',75);
insert into scores(sno,cno,degree) values (109,'3-245',68);
insert into scores(sno,cno,degree) values (103,'3-105',92);
insert into scores(sno,cno,degree) values (105,'3-105',88);
insert into scores(sno,cno,degree) values (109,'3-105',76);
insert into scores(sno,cno,degree) values (101,'3-105',64);
insert into scores(sno,cno,degree) values (107,'3-105',91);
insert into scores(sno,cno,degree) values (108,'3-105',78);
insert into scores(sno,cno,degree) values (101,'6-166',85);
insert into scores(sno,cno,degree) values (107,'6-106',79);
insert into scores(sno,cno,degree) values (108,'6-166',81);
insert into teachers(tno,tname,tsex,tbirthday,prof,depart) values (804,'李诚','男','1958-12-02','副教授','计算机系');
insert into teachers(tno,tname,tsex,tbirthday,prof,depart) values (856,'张旭','男','1969-03-12','讲师','电子工程系');
insert into teachers(tno,tname,tsex,tbirthday,prof,depart) values (825,'王萍','女','1972-05-05','助教','计算机系');
insert into teachers(tno,tname,tsex,tbirthday,prof,depart) values (831,'刘冰','女','1977-08-14','助教','电子工程系');
查询Score表中成绩在60到80之间的所有记录
select * from scores where degree > 60 and degree < 80
或者:
select * from scores where degree between 60 and 80
查询Score表中成绩为85,86或88的记录
select * from scores where degree=85 or degree=86 or degree=88
或者:
select * from scores where degree in (85,86,88)
查询Student表中“95031”班或性别为“女”的同学记录
select * from students where class='95033' or ssex='女'
以Class降序查询Student表的所有记录。
select * from students order by class desc
以Cno升序、Degree降序查询Score表的所有记录
select * from scores order by cno asc, degree desc
或者:
select * from scores order by cno, degree desc
查询“95031”班的学生人数
select count(1) as sum from students where class='95031'
查询Score表中的最高分的学生学号和课程号
原来想的是:select max(degree) from scores
,但这样没有显示出学号和课程号,
后来想出:select sno,cno from scores where max(degree)
,没这样用的。。。还是不对
正确的应该是:
select sno,cno from scores group by degree desc limit 1
或者
select sno,cno from scores order by degree desc limit 1
order by 是排序, group by 是分组,两者在这里都可以实现此功能
又想到几种实现方式:
select sno,cno,max(degree) from scores
或者:
select sno,cno from scores having degree=max(degree)
查询‘3-105’号课程的平均分
select avg(degree) from scores where cno='3-105'
查询Score表中至少有5名学生选修的并以3开头的课程的平均分数。
like 操作符用于在 where 子句中搜索列中的指定模式。
like 经常和通配符一起使用,比如上面的例子中,以3开头的课程
就可以这样实现:where cno like '3%'
而至少5名学生选修
,该怎么实现?
我第一次想到的是:where count(sno) >= 5
,但是:
在 SQL 中,where 关键字无法与 count、sum、max、min、avg
等合计函数一起使用,所以只能用 having : having count(sno) >= 5
。
而且 having 要放在 where 的后面:
select avg(degree) from scores where cno like '3%' having count(sno) >= 5
上面的sql语句 是不对的,我们翻译一下: 所有符合以3开头的课程,这些课程个数相加大于等于5?是的,那我们对这些课程求平均值
看着是否有些别扭,是的,我们应该是求 满足 至少5名学生选修
且 以3开头的
每一个课程 求平均值,所以我们要对课程 通过 group by
进行分组。
要记得:当我们使用 avg
、sum
这类统计相关的函数时,看是否需要使用 group by
来对某一列进行分组,看是否是对 某一列下的同一属性进行统计,譬如:对分数表中,每个班的分数 求平均值,便是这样的例子。
那么上面的题目要这样实现(group by 放在 where 后面,having 放在 group by 后面):
select cno, avg(degree) from scores
where cno like '3%' group by cno
having count(cno) >= 5
我们是求符合要求的课程,所以列最好添加课程:cno
查询最低分大于70,最高分小于90的Sno列
原来是这样求的:
select sno, degree from scores where degree>70 and degree<90 group by sno
上面对题目理解错了,上面是求 分数在 70 和 90 之间的学生,而题目是求 最低分大于70 且 最高分小于90,要这样写:
select sno from scores group by sno having max(degree)<90 and min(degree)>70
查询所有学生的Sname、Cno和Degree列
select sname, cno, degree
from students join scores on students.sno = scores.sno
或者(inner join 等同于 join):
select sname, cno, degree
from students inner join scores on students.sno = scores.sno
或者(给表名 起别名):
select sname, cno, degree
from students st join scores sc on st .sno = sc .sno
查询所有学生的Sno、Cname和Degree列
select sno, cname, degree
from courses join scores on courses.cno = scores.cno
查询所有学生的Sname、Cname和Degree列
需要三个表关联,考察了多个join的使用
select sname, cname, degree
from students join scores on students.sno = scores.sno
join courses on courses.cno = scores.cno
查询“95033”班所选课程的平均分
原来是这样写的:
select class, avg(degree)
from students join scores on students.sno = scores.sno
where class='95033' group by class
应该是按 课程进行分组,上面 group by class 加上没啥鸟用。。。,正确写法:
select class, cname, avg(degree)
from students join scores on students.sno = scores.sno
join courses on scores.cno=courses.cno
where class='95033' group by courses.cno
现查询所有同学的Sno、Cno和rank列。
先创建表:grade,并插入数据:
create table grade(low numeric(10, 1), upp numeric(10, 1), rank char(1));
insert into grade values(90,100,'A');
insert into grade values(80,89,'B');
insert into grade values(70,79,'C');
insert into grade values(60,69,'D');
insert into grade values(0,59,'E');
考察 join 的另一种用法
select sno, cno, rank
from scores join grade
on scores.degree between grade.low and grade.upp
或者:
select sno, cno, rank
from scores join grade
on scores.degree>=grade.low and scores.degree<=grade.upp
查询选修“3-105”课程的成绩高于“109”号同学成绩的所有同学的记录
select sno, degree
from scores where cno='3-105' having degree>(select degree from scores
where cno='3-105' and sno='109')
或者通过 自己关联自己,来实现:
select s1.sno, s1.degree
from scores s1 join Scores s2
on(s1.cno=s2.cno and s1.Degree>s2.Degree)
WHERE s1.cno='3-105' and s2.sno='109'
查询成绩高于学号为“109”、课程号为“3-105”的成绩的所有记录
这一题和上面一题的实现方式一样,刚开始写时 忘记在 on 后添加: s1.cno=s2.cno
,其实题目没有说清,不添加就是表示所有高于 109、 3-105 的成绩,但想想 添加更符合逻辑,因为比较同一课程的成绩才有意义。
select s1.* from scores s1
join scores s2 on s1.cno=s2.cno and s1.degree>s2.degree
where s2.sno='109' and s2.cno='3-105'
查询score中选学一门以上课程的同学中分数为非最高分成绩的记录
原来想的是:
select *
from scores group by sno having count(sno)>1
然后就不知道 非最高分成绩
这个怎么实现了。。。,还以为有什么函数可以实现此功能,想多了……,下面是正确实现方式:
select *
from scores group by sno having count(sno)>1 and degree!=max(degree)
查询和学号为105的同学同年出生的所有学生的Sno、Sname和Sbirthday列
datetime 格式的数据,有几个函数:
正确使用姿势:
select s1.* from students s1
join students s2 on year(s1.sbirthday)=year(s2.sbirthday)
where s2.sno='105'
查询“张旭“教师任课的学生成绩
要关联3个表:
select sno, degree
from teachers
join courses on teachers.tno=courses.tno
join scores on courses.cno=scores.cno
where teachers.tname='张旭'
查询选修某课程的同学人数多于5人的教师姓名
select tname
from teachers join courses on teachers.tno=courses.tno
join scores on courses.cno=scores.cno
group by scores.cno having count(scores.cno)>5
查询95033班和95031班全体学生的记录
select * from Students
where class='95033' or class='95031'
或者:
select * from Students
where class in ('95033', '95031')
查询存在有85分以上成绩的课程Cno
原来想的是:
select cno, degree from scores
where degree>85
结果是:
有重复的 cno,题目应该是列出一个即可,我们用 distinct 去重:
select distinct cno from scores
where degree>85
查询选修编号为“3-105“课程且成绩至少高于任意选修编号为“3-245”的同学的成绩的Cno、Sno和Degree,并按Degree从高到低次序排序
至少高于任意
这句话的意思是:选3-105课程同学的成绩,只要高出一个选3-245同学的成绩,就满足条件。 要用 any
来表示:
select * from scores
where cno='3-105'
and degree > any(select degree from scores where cno='3-245')
order by degree desc
3-245同学成绩最高为:86分,最低为75分:
结果图
查询选修编号为“3-105”且成绩高于所有选修编号为“3-245”课程的同学的Cno、Sno和Degree.
这一题和上一题的区别是 不是至少了,而是高于所有,意思是:选3-105同学的成绩,要高出所有选3-245同学的成绩,才满足条件。用 all
来实现:
select * from scores
where cno='3-105'
and degree > all(select degree from scores where cno=3-245'')
order by degree desc
只有高于3-245最高分:86分 的选3-105的同学才满足条件:
结果
查询所有教师和同学的name、sex和birthday.
合并相同的列,要通过 union
来实现:union 内部的 select 语句必须拥有相同数量的列。列也必须拥有相似的数据类型。同时,每条 select 语句中的列的顺序必须相同。
select tname,tsex,tbirthday from teachers
union
select sname,ssex,sbirthday from students
查询所有“女”教师和“女”同学的name、sex和birthday
和上题类似,只是添加了条件过滤:
select tname,tsex,tbirthday from teachers where tsex='女'
union
select sname,ssex,sbirthday from students where ssex='女'
查询成绩比该课程平均成绩低的同学的成绩表
select * from scores
where degree<(select avg(degree) from scores group by cno)
或者:
select s1.* from students s1 join (
select sno, avg(degree) degree
from scores
group by cno) s2
on s1.cno=s2.cno and s1.degree<s2.degree
上面这种实现方式 join 的表是在括号内实时生成的,要学会这种关联方式。
查询所有任课教师的Tname和Depart
原来以为下面的方式即可:
select tname,depart
from teachers
其实不然,这些教师不一定都任课,所以要在courses 中匹配:
select tname,depart
from teachers
where tno in (
select tno from courses
)
查询所有未讲课的教师的Tname和Depart
select tname,depart
from teachers
where tno not in (
select tno from courses
)
查询至少有2名男生的班号
select class, count(1) boyCount from students
where ssex='男'
group by class
having count(class)>=2
查询Student表中不姓“王”的同学记录
select * from students
where sname not like '王%'
查询Student表中每个学生的姓名和年龄
计算年应,要算出今年的年份 减去 出生的年份,通过 now() 函数得到现在的时间,通过 year() 得到年份:
select sname, year(now()) - year(sbirthday) age from students
以班号和年龄从大到小的顺序查询Student表中的全部记录
select * from students
group by class
order by class desc, sbirthday asc
原来以为 要通过 group by 对 class 进行分组,其实不用,直接对 class 和 asc 进行 order by 即可,正确使用姿势:
select * from students
order by class desc, sbirthday asc
查询“男”教师及其所上的课程
select t.tname, c.cname
from teachers t join courses c
on t.cno=c.cno and t.tsex='男'
注意:关联的时候,on 后面跟的条件,必须是两个表都包含的属性,像 and 后面的 t.tsex='男'
则不应该放在这里,正确语句:
select t.tname, c.cname
from teachers t join courses c
on t.cno=c.cno
where t.tsex='男'
查询每科最高分同学的Sno、Cno和Degree列
select * from scores
group by cno
having degree=max(degree)
查询和“李军”同性别的所有同学的Sname
select s1.sname from students s1
join students s2
on s1.ssex=s2.ssex
where s2.sname='李军'
查询所有选修“计算机导论”课程的“男”同学的成绩表
两种方式,第一种:
select *
from scores sc
join students s on s.sno=sc.sno
join courses c on c.cno=sc.cno
join teachers t on t.tno=c.tno
where c.cname='计算机导论' and s.ssex='男'
第二种:
select *
from scores
where Sno in (
select Sno
from students
where Ssex='男') and
Cno in (
select Cno
from Courses
where Cname='计算机导论');
这种方式比较独特,多体会一下
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