每天积累一点语音规则和地道表达。顺便立个旗：这（两）个月我要把语调不自然的问题彻底解决掉，有意识地大胆练口语。
语音规则
1. 了解元音的分类和发音位置：前元音、央元音、后元音
元音的分类及发音位置
2. 元音的长度不是固定的
3. 长元音和短元音不仅是长短的区别，而是 tense 和 lax 的区别
4. 注意 or 的弱读，如 sugar or milk, credit or debit
5. fifteen 与 fifty 等一些列数字的重音位置和 t 的发音区别
6. 音位变体（allophone）和同化（assimilation）的语音现象：平时注意积累。例如 of 正常情况下f发/v/的音，但 of course 的f受后面c的/k/音影响发为/f/；have 的v正常情况发/v/，但 have to 的v受后面to的/t/影响发为/f/
7. 紧张、激动的时候注意控制语速和音高
8. 注意 for 的重读和弱读。例如：I've been waiting for ages. / What's for dinner? 中的for弱读；而for放在句尾要重读 Which train are you waiting for?
9. 8:08 和 iPhone 8 的连读：eight o /w/eight；iPhone eight
10. 朗读时带入场景，想想自己会怎么说
11. consonant cluster 辅音群组的概念，例如 great, cry, problem 等
12. 平时夸张练习语音，一定要慢下来，有意识地控制
13. 发梅花音/æ/时，上颚不动，下颚往下。切记并非张大嘴
14. 连读 I /j/ understand, the /j/ ice cream, o/j/il, only /j/ October, go /w/ away, throw /w/ it
15. 语调的三声就是重读啦，例如原声的 Nothing much. 在much上做了声调变化
16. 不要太纠结发音，更注重整体语流，模仿母语人士说话的节奏和语调，听到什么说什么。Be aware of the big picture. Be aware of your priorities. Pays yourself.
17. 如果不知道语调应该如何处理，就模仿到和原声一模一样。多听原声，减速模仿
18. 先注意听原声是如何念的，感受声音，想象舌位、嘴型、下巴的变化，再张嘴。不要直接跟读，不要急！Pure Mimicry.
19. /r/, /j/, /w/ 更像元音的辅音/半元音，舌头不碰到口腔的任何地方
20. whole的 /oul/ 组合在一起时，/ou/可以不用噘嘴，直接过度到 l
21. of 弱读时v常常可以省略，例如 a lot of stuff = a lotta stuff
22. 通过学习发音来提高听力：前段时间做听写练习我深有体会，很多错误都是因为没有听出原声中的连读所致
23. 越不好念，越要慢练。 Don't gloss over the tricky parts.
24. 举一反三，建立语音系统。Find the pattern.
25. What's the problem? 注意 what's 的语调（不强调不要做语调变化）
26. at our 的连读和弱读
27. 为了保证英语的节奏，需要把非重读的音节弱读和连读。如果重读了本应弱读的词，就会破坏句子的节奏
28. probably 的 /ˈprɑ:bəbli/ 也可省读为 /ˈprɑ:bəli/
29. 注意 /ai/ 的弱读模式 /əi/
30. 调核：核心重音在意群中最后一个有实际意义的词上
31. 注意 pronunciation 和 pronounce的元音不同
32. 朗读时慢下来，注意节奏；平时多听，有意识地注意发音、节奏和和语调
33. 反义疑问句升调时是设问句，等待回答；降调时表示“我说的没错吧”
34. 辅音的分类不止有清辅音和浊辅音（清和浊也并不是泾渭分明的，例如浊音清音化 devoicing），还有发音方式 manner 和发音位置 place 的区别
辅音分类
正好今天看常老师讲德语语音基础的辅音部分，异曲同工，放在一起：
什么是辅音
35. 注意有的单词b不发音：plumber, tomb, climb, lamb, thumb, bomb, doubt, debt
口语表达
1. 询问想吃什么
What are you getting to eat?
What are we having today?
What would you like to eat?
What do you have?
2. 呼唤服务员
切忌直呼 Waiter/Waitress，而是应该眼神交流并说 Excuse me?
3. 服务员询问问是否点餐
Are you ready to order? I'm ready to order.
May I take your order?
4. 点餐礼貌用语
How are you (doing)? / How's it going? I'm good. How about you?
I/We'd like..., Can/May I have... please? Thank you!
5. 餐食的表达
combo 套餐；starter/appetizer 开胃菜
6. 肉食主义者和素食主义者
(1) 素食主义者：vegetarian, veggie, vegan
(2) 无肉不欢：carnivore (幽默)，meat person
(3) 食草动物：herbivore
(4) 杂食动物：omnivore
7. three coffees = three cups of coffee
8. Make that two. 做两份（一样的）
9. a hamburg/pizza joint 汉堡/批萨店
10. pick up 的不同含义
(1) 接人：pick sb. up
(2) 顺便学：Where did you pick up your English?
(3) 改善：The situation of the economy is picking up.
11. listen/look, ... 或 let's see... 表达“等一下”，注意语境和语气
12. 有关影片的常用词汇
(1) 预告片：trailer, preview
注：与 trailer 不同，the beginning of a film 是电影院放映影片前，播放的近期即将上映影片的预告片广告或电影正片的开头。
(2) 首映：premiere
(3) 续集：sequel
13. spoiler 剧透
Don't spoil.
Spoilers spoil the film.
Spoiler Alert 剧透预警
I'm a full season behind. 我落了一季没看。
14. 电影上映了
XX is out. / XX came out. / XX is in theaters.
Do you wanna watch it?
15. binge-watch 疯狂追剧
Eric binge-watched all 10 episodes of The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel yesterday.
16. I don't think... 的思维方式
If you're sick, I don't think...
I don't think so.
17. one-on-one 一对一
18. second nature (to sb.) 习惯、习性
Planning ahead had always come as second nature to me.
19. Where to? 在语境中地道表达“你去哪儿旅游啦？”
20. fill me in = tell me everything
21. 形容非常除了用 very 还可以用 super, pretty, quite 等
22. 注意：形容 price 只能用 high, low, steep, falling 等词，不能用 expensive 和 cheap
表达“价格高、东西贵”还可以用 pricy, costly, extortionate, rip-off (敲竹杠), daylight robbery (光天化日抢劫), cost sb a fortune
23. 钱花光了
I spent every cent/penny I had.
I came back penniless.
I'm broke.
24. sounds + adj. / sounds like a... 都是非常好用的表达
Sounds like a plan. / Sounds like a good idea. / Sounds great/terrible.
25 It's the best ... ever, period. 注意语气和强调
26. for ages / for hours / forever 很长时间
Hah, I've been waiting for ages.
27. You haven't aged a day. 你还是那么年轻
Haha, you haven't aged a bit.
28. bound 的用法
This train is bound for = This train is heading for... 这是开往...的列车
Beijing-bound 驶往北京的
29. I'm afraid... 的灵活用法
I'm afraid I'm going to have to ask you to leave the premises.
30. timetable = schedule 时刻表
31. schedule 作动词表示排定、预定，例如 It's scheduled.
32. town 的用法
(1) I was out of town. = I was away. 我出门了
(2) When you're in town, let's do something fun together. 你来北京（我所在的城市），咱们一起吃喝玩乐。
33. “迟到”除了说 I'm late. 还可以用 I'm tardy.（正式）来表达，它的名词形式是 tardiness
34. 有关“错误”的表达：hitch, hiccup, glitch, careless/sloppy mistake, glaring mistake
35. train 作动词：train the lens on sb./sth. 把镜头对准
36. I'm suffering from jet lag. 我时差反应很厉害。
37. 你能跟我详细说说吗?
Can you tell me exactly what happened?
Can you elaborate (on sth.)?
38. handful 作名词表示“熊孩子”，例如 Sara can be a handful sometimes.
39. bag 的拓展
(1) have sth. in the bag 如囊中取物，表示胸有成竹。例如 I've got that in the bag.
(2) 作动词 You went to the party and bagged a boy.
40. happen
It all happened so fast.
That's not gonna happen.
Nothing happened.
41. absolutely = definitely = totally = 100%；absolutely not = definitely not
42. Thank you for your cooperation/help.
43. Don't be funny/ridiculous/preposterous.
44. That's nut/crazy/preposterous.
45. fun / dull
You think he's fun to be with. (重读 you 和 be)
I like who I am when I am with you. You're so fun to be with. I'm just dull.
46. company 陪伴
I like your company much better.
I'll keep you company.
47. There's nothing for you to be jealous about. You're the apple of my eye.
48. “不好念”的实用表达
man bun（一种发型），pork bun（美国肉夹馍），pun（双关语），punch（击打）
49. wear
除了文中的 wear a jacket，其实 wear 后可以接很多东西：例如喷香水、化妆、涂口红就可以说 wear perfume/makeup/lipstick，也可以问身边的人 You don't like what I wear？
露出某种表情也用wear，比如 wear a look of amazement。
留头发、蓄须也可以用wear，比如 wear a mustache/beard, wear my hair long, wear my hair in a top knot/man bun。
注：蓄发蓄须除了wear，也常用grow。
50. off-the-cuff 即兴的
51. slides / PowerPoint
52. What's up? Nothing much. / Not much. / Good.
53. A painting is more than the sum of its parts.
54. doctor 作动词，表示文件、图片被修改，例如：This photo has been doctored./ photoshopped.
55. way 的灵活用法
(1) on the/your/its way 的不同含义：
① 即将发生：More changes are on the way.
② 在（前往某地的）路上：He should be on the way here by now.
③ 在...的路上：I ran out of gas on my way home.
④ （婴儿）即将出生：Her daughter is on the way.
(2) out of the way 的不同含义：
① 不碍事：Why don't you tie your hair back, out of the way?
② 处理完了：As soon as the contract's out of the way, we can start.
(3) be under way 的不同含义：
① 已经开始：The competition got under way on Monday.
② 出发：Our train was already under way.
56. Ok. / Totally. / Sure.
57. rattle off 脱口而出
58. differentiation 差异化教学
59. a jar of peanut butter and a container of vanilla yogurt （平行美，连读，找到节奏，反复练）
60. Captain America 美国队长
61. drop
I'm ready to drop! / I'm worn out. / I'm exhausted. 累死了！
shop till you drop 买买买
drop it: stop talking about it
drop sb 是 pick sb up 的反义词
drop dead 猝死；drop dead date = deadline
drop-dead gorgeous 极其吸引人的
62. turn on 的用法
(1) turn sb on: Accent Training turns me on. 说到语音练习我就兴奋
(2) turn on sb: They turn on me. 群起而攻之
63. nonstop 喋喋不休
64. The best products (don't) come at bargain prices. 物美价廉（便宜没好货）
65. You've got what it takes. 你已经具备了成功的潜质
66. and whatnot = and so on
67. It's not hard with a mindful heart. = There is a will, there is a way.
68. 买一送一
(1) BOGO = Buy one, get one free.
(2) two-for-one（相应的买二赠一可以说 three-for-two）
69. come look at the snow
come see me
go grab a bite
70. There's no...
There‘s no telling. 没门儿
There's no such thing as a free lunch. 没有免费的午餐
There's no stopping you.
There's no hurry. 不着急
There's no need for you to stay. 你不需要呆着这儿了
71. leave me alone = give me a break 离我远点
72. What's new? = What's up?
回答可以说：Can't complain. / Just the usual. / Not much. / Nothing much.
73. introduce sb. to sb./sth
74. What do you do? 问职业
75. What are you up to tonight?
76. Do you want to see a movie? 口语中可以省略为 Wanna see a movie?
77. 告别时 I have to leave soon. = I'm leaving. = I gotta go. = I gotta get going.
78. Nice meeting you. 在告别时说；而 Nice to meet you. 在首次见面时说
79. quite and dirty tip 快速管用的绝招
80. cushion 作动词：cushion the blow 减轻打击
81. It won't do you any good. 这对你没有任何好处
82. 形容食物好吃直接用 It's really/super/so good. / It tastes good. "delicious"已经用被烂了，而 scrumptious 和 yummy是小孩子用的
83. be in your shoes
84. -ish 表示“...左右”非常好用，例如 30ish = some/about/around 30, blueish
85. bike 作动词 I biked here.
86. pet peeves 讨厌的事儿
87. gnaw /nɔ/ 折磨
88. Keep it down. Stop!
89. Knock it off. = stop doing sth.
90. buy sb. sth. 例如 I bought her a car.
91. Clam down and carry on.
92. Take it easy. / Easy! / Chill. / Relax. / Keep it together. / Don't panic.
93. We have to get it out somehow. 这里的 somehow = however 无论如何
94. upside down / inside out / turn over / upend
Morning reading has turned my life upside down.
95. couch potato 老泡在电视机前的人
96. dead giveaway 立刻露出马脚的地方，彻底泄露的秘密
97. boil down to 归结为
98. mark my words 记住我的话
99. 常见的语气词 eww (/'i:u/), urr, duh (/dʌ/),...
100. Don't panic! I got your back. 别慌！我会挺你哒。
101. The devil is in the details. 细节决定成败。
102. turn right = make a right turn = make right
103. 非常实用的 get to
get to know someone
I'll send the file to you when I get to the computer.
104. get 是个很灵活、好用的小词
I got it.
get a taxi = hit the cab
cabber = taxi driver
105. hail a taxi 叫出租车
106. Do you happen to...
107. best bet 最佳措施
108. Do you have the time? = Do you know what time it is? = What's the time.
区别 Do you have time? (你有空吗？)
109. say that again = I couldn't agree more.
110. pragmatic 实用主义的；sporadically 零星地
111. be in someone's shoes
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