关系代词
关系代词指的是代表先行词,同时在从句中作一定的句子成分。关系代词有主格、宾格和属格之分,并有指人与指物之分。关系代词用来引导定语从句。
其功能大致如下:
(1)I have a friend. The friends lives in Beijing.
(2)I have a friends, and he lives in Beijing.
(3)I have a friend who lives in Beijing.
句子中who lives in Beijing意为住在北京的朋友。who 代指my friend.由此可见,关系代词相当于连接词+代词,a friend称为先行词。
1、定语从句简介
我们知道定语是用来限定、修饰名词的成分,一般为一个词,当用一个句子代替这个词来修饰这个名词的时候,这个句子就被称为定语从句。所以当一个句子中包含定语从句时,就会有多个谓语动词或者其它成分。例如以上例句(3)
为什么要用定语从句?
- 当一个句子需要很多种限定/修饰语(所有格、形容词、冠词、不定代词等),这些词并不能同时出现在名词的前面,最简单的比如:my a friend就是个错误的例子,当我说“我的一个朋友”时,只能说“one of my friends". 当我说”我的一个个子很高的朋友”时,就要说“one of my friends who is tall",这时候who is tall 就是定语从句,who就是引导定语从句的先行词。
- 当一个词或者短语不足以修饰一个名词时,就需要一个句子来修饰。例如:我有一个住在北京的朋友。“住在北京的”这个限定语无法用一个词来表达,所以只能用一个句子,就是定语从句。
定语从句的结构为:先行词 + 关系代词 + 从句
先行词是被从句修饰的词,位于定语从句的前面,关系代词用来起和代词的作用,位于从句的句首。
关系代词通常是紧跟先行词之后,但偶尔也会在中间插入一些状语,如:
(1)There was an old man in the apartment who is very rich. - 公寓里住着一位非常富有的老人。(从句意上能看出定语从句修饰的是old man - 老人,而不是apartment - 公寓)
(2)I met two girls, one of whom is my cousin. - 我遇到两个女孩,其中一个是我的表妹。
注:这里逗号后面是一个从句,先行词是girls,关系代词是whom(who的宾格),它代指girls。如果逗号换成and,那么就可以用them: I met two girls and one of them is my cousin. 中间的and表示and两边是独立的句子,没有从属关系。
2、关系代词的种类
限定性 指人 | 非限定性 指物 | 限定性 指物 | |
---|---|---|---|
主 格 | who/that | which | which/that |
宾 格 | whom/that | which | which/that |
所有格 | whose | of which/whose | of which/whose |
关系代词在某些句子中以主格形式出现,某些句子中以宾格形式出现,某些句子中是所有格,这取决于关系代词在从句中的成分,而非在主句中的成分。
1、先行词(人) + 主格关系代词who + ...
(1)The man is my father. - 这个人是我父亲。
The man wears sunglasses. - 这个人带着墨镜。
The man who wears sunglasses is my father. - 这个带着墨镜的人是我父亲。
注:这句话中who在从句中是主语,所以是主格。
(2)I don't like people.
They get out of temper easily.
I don't like people who get out of temper easily. - 我不喜欢很容易发脾气的人。
注:毫无疑问,who只能代指人。
2、先行词(人或物) + 主格关系代词which + ...
(1)I live in the house.
The house stands on the hill.
I live in the house which stands on the hill. - 我住在这个坐落在山丘上的房子。
(2)English is a language.
It is spoken all over the world.
English is a language which is spoken all over the world. - 英语是世界通用语言。
3、先行词(人或物) + 主格关系代词that + ...
(1)_People who / that help doctors and look after patients are called nurses. - 帮助医生照顾患者的人被称为护士。
注:who / that help doctors and look after patients是定语从句,修饰先行词people。
(2)I like the building that was designed by Mr Wu. - 我喜欢这栋吴先生设计的大楼。
注:that was designed by Mr Wu修饰building
4、所有格的关系代词
先行词(人或物) + 所有格关系代词whose + 名词 +...
(1)I know a girl.
Her father is a teacher.
I know a girl whose father is a teacher. - 我知道那个女孩,他父亲是个老师。(从句的主语是whose father)
注:这里的whose有形容词性物主代词(所有格)的作用,代表“某人的”,也有连接词的作用。
(2)Look at the house.
Its roof was damaged.
Look at the house whose roof was damaged.(从句的主语是whose roof)
5、宾格的关系代词
先行词(人) + 宾格关系代词whom + 主语 + 谓语 + (介词) + 宾语
(1)The man is a teacher
She married him.
The man whom she married is a teacher.
注:需要注意的是,尽管whom是宾格,在从句中是宾语,但whom,依然要放在从句的句首。
(2)The woman has just left the office.
You want to see her.
The whom woman you want to see has just left the office. - 你要找的那个人刚刚离开办公室。
6、先行词(物) + 宾格关系代词which + 主语 + 谓语 + (介词) + 宾语
(1)Here is a magazine.
I borrowed it from Miss Wang.
Here is a magazine which I borrowed from Miss Wang. - 这是本我向王小姐借的杂志。
(2)Remember the advice.
I gave you the advice.
Remember the advice which I gave you. - 记住我给你的忠告。
7、先行词(人或物) + 宾格关系代词that + 主语 + 动词 + (介词) + 宾语
(1)The little girl is very cute.
My dad is talking to her.
The little girl that/whom my dad is talking to is vary cute. - 正在和我父亲说话的那个小女孩非常可爱。
(2)The sandwiches that we eat for lunch were not delicious. - 我们午餐吃得三明治不好吃。
3、非限定性定语从句
前面讲到的都是限定性定语从句,下面讲非限定性定语从句。
非限定性定语从句起补充说明作用,在句子中不充当成分,缺少也不会影响全句的理解,它与主句往往用逗号隔开。
例如:
They have two daughters who become actresses. - 他们有两个做演员的女儿。
注:这句话是限定性定语从句,意思是他们有个女儿在做演员,“在做演员”和“两个”都是在修饰“女儿”,这里人们并不知道他们有没有其他的女儿,以及在做什么。
They have two daughters, who become actresses. - 他们有两个女儿,都在做演员。
注:这里逗号前后是两个独立的句子,前一句是说他们有两个女儿,后面进行补充,这两个女儿都在做演员。这里我们知道两条信息,他有两个女儿,两人做了演员。这就是非限定性定语从句。
1、不同之处
(1)The old man has a son who/that lives in Beijing. - 这个老人有个住在北京的儿子。
The old man has a son, who lives in Beijing. - 这个老人有一个儿子,住在北京。
注:限定性定语从句:没有逗号,who和which某些时候可以用that代替,宾格的关系代词可以省略。
非限定性定语从句,有逗号,who不可以用that代替,关系代词不可以省略。
(2)I who am your best friend, certainly will help you. - 我是你最好的朋友,当人会帮助你。
(3)My brother who is a dentist, is study in the US. - 我兄弟是个牙医,他正在美国留学。
4、特别注意
1、从句中的动词单复数取决于先行词的单复数
(1)Tom is one of the boys who are found of sports. - Tom是众多喜欢运动的男孩中的一个。
注:从句who are found of sports修饰boys而不是Tom。
(2)I know a child who is good at surfing. - 我认识一个擅长冲浪的小孩。
(3)Adults don’t like children who tell lies. - 大人们不喜欢撒谎的孩子。
2、that的其它用法
1、指示代词
讲代词的时候已经讲过了that的指示代词用法
(1)The weather in Hangzhou is hotter than that in Beijing. - 杭州的天气比北京热。
注:如果忘记了为什么这样用,可以先复习一些第四篇代词·指示代词。
2、指示形容词
其实就是that最普通的用法,也就是代词的形容词用法。
例如:
Look at that dog.
3、关系代词
本章的重点,上文中讲过了。
4、连接词
I think that honesty is the best polity. - 我认为实话实说是上策。
注:和关系代词不同的是,这里that指有连接词的作用,而没有代词的作用。
3、宾格的关系代词可以省略
(1)Soccer is the sport (which/that) I like best. - 足球是我最喜欢的运动。
4、介词 + 宾格关系代词
(1)The woman whom/that you are speaking of is my mother.
The woman of whom you are you are speaking of is my mother.
注:介词可以放在关系代词的前面。但需要注意的是,放在介词后面的whom不能被that取代。并且不可以省略。
(2)The train which / that I am waiting for is now half an hour late.
The train for which I am waiting is now half an hour late.
注:同上,这里的which也不可以换成that,也不可以省略。
5、关系代词只能用that的情况
1、先行词前有最高级
Today is the coldest day that we have ever experienced. - 今天是我们经历过的最冷的一天。(这里的that是宾格,可以省略)
2、先行词前有序数词
Tom is the first boy that rushed out of the classroom. - Tom是最先冲出教室的男孩。
注:这里的rush out意为冲出去,从哪里冲出去,就是rush out of ...
3、人和物的先行词同时出现,只能用that。
(1)Take a look at the boy and his dog that are coming this way.
4、先行词前有疑问词who / which,避免重复,只能用that
(1)Who that has seen the photos of starving children does not want to help them? - 谁看过这些饥饿孩子的照片不想帮助他们呢?
(2)Which was the bag that you left in the train. - 你丢失在火车站的包是哪一个?
5、先行词前面有all, no, every, any, ~thing, ~one, ~body。
(1)All that students have to do is study hard. - 学生需要做的所有事就是努力学习。(that可省略)
注:这里的that可以换成what,what作为关系代词相当于先行词 + 关系代词,这里的all可以最为形容词。
(2)She has everything that woman could wish for. - 她有女人渴望拥有的一切。
6、先行词前有the only, the same, the very(正是)
(1)He was the only one (that) trusted me. - 他是唯一一个信任我的人。
(2)This is the very novel (that) I’ve look for. - 这本正是我在寻找的小说。
6、关系代词的同义表现
1、先行词+主格关系代词 + 动词 = 名词 + 现在分词(主动)
(1)There is a notice that says, “No parking”.
(2)There is a notice saying, “No parking”.
注:有个告示牌写着禁止停车。现在分词的这个用法,在第十篇里讲过。
2、先行词 + 主格关系代词 + be + 过去分词 = 名词 + 过去分词(被动)
This is a cake (which) was made by Mrs white. - 这是怀特太太做的蛋糕。
This is a cake made by Mrs white. - 这是怀特太太做的蛋糕。
注:过去分词的这个用法,也在分词那篇讲过。
3、先行词 + who + have / has / had = 名词 + with / having
She is a girl who has blond hair.
She is a girl with blond hair.
She is a girl having blond hair.
她是个有金发的女孩。
注:with是和、跟随、拥有的意思。having是分词那一章里的知识。
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