above

above可以做介词或者副词，表示高于。。。

• Can you raise your hand above your head for me please?

  =(Can you raise you hand higher than your head?)
  你能把手举过头顶吗？

• The river flowed gently through the valley, while birds flew above. It was a beautiful scene.

  这条河平缓地流过这个山谷，鸟在河上飞翔，呈现一幅美丽的景象。

above高于通过测量的数据

• Mexico City is 2,240 meters above sea level.

  墨西哥城海拔2240米。

• Temperatures above 25 degrees are rare in this part of the world.

  这片区域内鲜有25摄氏度以上的地区。

above的反义词是under, below 和beneath

above还可以表示指代前文:

• as mentioned above

• as noted above

• as demonstrated above

• as shown above

• As noted above, all employees must take part in our health and safety course.

  如前文所述，所有员工必须参加健康和安全课程。

• As demonstrated above, this problem is very complex.

  如之前所演示的一样，这个问题非常复杂。

可以使用the above，前提是读者清楚the above指代的内容:

• As the table above shows, there has been a rapid rise in greenhouse gases. (or As the above shows … the reader understands that the above refers to the table)

  正如之前的图表展示的，温室气体排放急剧上升。

after

after可以做介词或者连词表示不久之后或者某地、某时之后

• Shall we have a swim after lunch?

  我们午饭后去游泳吗？

• The bank is just after the park, on the left.

  这个银行在公园后面的左侧。

after可以引导从句:

• After I left him a message, he phoned me immediately.

  我给他发了一条消息后，他立马给我打了一个电话。

• She did voluntary work in a hospital after she graduated.

  毕业后她在医院义务工作。

警告:after后面的句子表示将来发生的动作时，采用一般现在时:

• I’ll contact you after we reach the airport.

  我们到达机场后会联系你。

after或者afterwards可以做副词，afterwards更常用，after更常见于副词短语中:

• They lived happily ever after.

  从此以后，他们快乐的生活着。

• She had an operation on her leg and afterwards was unable to walk for at least a month.

  他腿部做了一个手术，然后至少一个月不能走路。

常见错误:

after后面为将来发生的动作时，使用一般现在时，不使用一般将来时:

• I’ll do another course after I finish this one.

  我完成这一个之后再做另一个课程。

  不能用: … after I will finish …

against

对情况、人、事件作出负面、敌对、反对的反应时使用against

against与动词连用

• Millions of people campaigned against the war.

  数百万人呼吁反对战争。

• It’s not easy to go against your parents’ advice.

  反对你父母的建议并不容易。

• That referee has something against our team. (=he doesn't like our team)

  裁判不喜欢我们队。

经常与against连用的动词如下:

act	decide	guard	speak out
advise	demonstrate	have something	struggle
argue	discriminate	protest	testify
be	fight	react	vote
campaign	go	rebel

against与名词连用:

• Discrimination against people on the basis of race, age or gender is illegal.

  种族、年龄、性别歧视都是非法的。

• Everyone can be part of the fight against litter.

  人人都可以向乱扔垃圾作斗争。

• The best protection against illness is a good diet and lots of exercise.

  免于疾病最好的防护就是良好的饮食和大量的运动。

经常与against连用的名词如下:

accusation	campaign	discrimination	protest
action	case	evidence	reaction
aggression	charge	fight	rebellion
appeal	complaint	law
argument	defense	prejudice
battle	demonstration	protection

表示物理上的接触时可以用against

• She was leaning against the wall reading a book.

  她靠着墙正在读书。

• The bed was against the wardrobe.

  床顶着衣柜。

against用于竞赛、决赛、游戏等

• Japan competed against Germany in the semi-final.

  日本半决赛对阵德国。

• England’s match against Jamaica was canceled.

  英国对阵牙买加的比赛取消了。

解决问题采取行动时不用against而用about

A: Did you enjoy last night?

B: We enjoyed the food but the people at the table next to us were so loud that we couldn't hear each other. We asked the waiter to do something about it but he said that he couldn't.

不能用:We asked the waiter to do something against it

作对比时不用against，使用contrary to, in contrast to和compared with

• My opinion is contrary to yours.

  我的观点和你的相反。

  不能用: My opinion is against yours.

谈到药物时不使用against:

• Have you got something for a headache?

  你找到治头痛的药了吗？

  不能用: … something against a headache

常见错误

在运动比赛中表示两队对抗使用against不使用with:

• All my family play tennis and sometimes we play against each other in competitions.

  我全家都玩网球，有时我们还互相打比赛。

• 不能用:... we play with each other ...

among 和 amongst

among 和 amongst 都是介词，among的意思是在一大堆人或物中间或者之间，among后面通常接名词复数

• I'm not worried about her. She's living among friends.

  我并不担心她，她和她的朋友住在一起。

• I think I've got that album among my boxes of CDs upstairs.

  我想我已经从楼上那箱子CD中找到那张专辑了。

amongst可与among互换，amongst更加正式。

• The results show that both girls are amongst the top 10% of students in the whole school.

  结果显示这两个女孩都是在全学校排名前10的学生。

as

as与名词连用表示作为一个角色、任务或者事物

• I worked as a waiter when I was a student. Most of us did.

  我在学生阶段的时候做过服务员，几乎所有人都是这样。

  不能用:I worked like a waiter ...

• The Daily Telegraph appointed Trevor Grove as its Sunday editor.

  Daily Telegraph任命Trevor Grove作为Sunday editor。

  Internet shopping is seen as a cheaper alternative to shopping on the high street.

  网络购物看起来是实体购物的更便宜的替代方式。

• A sarong is essential holiday gear. It can be used as a beach towel, wrap, dress or scarf and will take up no space in your bag.

  一条沙龙是度假时最重要的装备，它可以当毛巾、披肩、衣服、围巾使用，而且不会占用包里的空间。

警告:表示相似的时候不使用as， 使用like+noun:

• It's almost like a real beach, but it's actually artificial.

  它像一个天然海滩，但实际上是人工的。

• I would like to have a while cat like the one in my dream.

  我想有一个白色的猫，跟我在梦里梦见的一样。

• 不能说:... as the one in my dream

as 作为连词有几种不同的意思，在表示一件事情发生的时候另一件事情正在发生时用as表示在期间，这种情况下as后的动词通常是进行时态

• They arrived as we were leaving.

  我们正离开的时候他们到了。

as后面接一个原因:

• I went to bed at 9 pm as I had a plane to catch at 6 am.

  我九点就上床睡觉因为我明早有6点的飞机。

as可以表示如。。。。

• As the forecast predicted, the weather was dreadful for the whole of the weekend.

  根据天气预报的预测，整个周末的天气会很糟。

• She arrived early, as I expected.

  正如我预料的，她来的很早。

表示一模一样的事物，用the same as:

• Your jacket is the same colour as mine.

  你夹克的颜色和我的一样。

as表示同步改变时，as后面通常使用一般时态

• As the show increases in popularity, more and more tickets are sold daily.

  随着这个演出越来越流行，每天有更多的票卖出。

警告:使用such as表示比如，不使用as

• They gave them gifts such as flowers and fruit and sang a special welcome song.

  他们赠送了鲜花和水果作为礼物，并且唱了一首欢送歌。

at

表示时间点，年龄，某一段时期时用at

• I was up at 6 am this morning.

  我早晨6点起床了。

• At 12 noon, all the bells rang out.

  12点的时候所有铃声都响了。

• They all get dressed up at Halloween.

  他们在万圣节上全部穿上盛装了。

• Many children leave school at 16.

  许多孩子在16岁离开学校。

• At 20, I thought I knew everything.

  在我20岁的时候我认为我自己什么都知道。

使用at表示一段时期比如at night, at the time, at the New Year:

• They leave the front-door light on at night.

  他们在晚上保持前门的灯亮着。

at与可以看做一个点的地点使用

• A fisherman waited near his nets at the side of the quay.

  一个渔夫在码头边等待着渔网。

• There was no one at the information desk.

  问讯处一个人都没有。

描述企业、公司、工厂和教育机构的时候使用at

• Did you once work at Intel?

  你曾将在Intel工作过吗？

• The ancient manuscript, The Book of Kells, can be seen at Trinity College, Dublin.

  凯尔斯之书可以在都柏林的三一学院内看到。

警告:使用at school, at college 和 in class, 不能使用at class

使用at描述一个地址:

• The restaurant used to be at number 72 Henry Street.

  这个饭店曾经的地址是Henry Street 72号。

使用at描述诊所、理发店或者按摩店:

• While Liz was at the dentist, I went shopping.

  当Liz去看牙医的时候，我在逛街。

• I read an interesting article about plastic surgery in a magazine when I was at the hairdresser's.

  当我在理发店的时候我从一个杂志上读了一篇关于整形外科的很有趣的文章。

at用于描述团体活动:

• I didn't know anyone at the party.

  我在聚会上一个人都不认识。

• There was a demonstration at the opening of the exhibition.

  在展览开幕式上有一个演示。

at用在形容词后表示擅长或者不擅长:

• I was never very good at sports.

  我从来不擅长体育运动。

• She was always brilliant at drawing.

  她一直擅长画画。

• He was terrible at keeping his accounts in order.

  他的账记得一塌糊涂。

at与数字连用，可以用描述价格或者速度

• At 80 pounds a night for a double room, the hotel is good value.

  这家旅馆双人间一晚只需要80磅，真是合算。

• According to the police, he was driving at 120 mph.

  根据警方的消息，他当时的时速是120英里/小时。

at 与动词连用表示朝向

• He threw the ball at the wall.

  他把球往墙上扔。

• She was waving at the crowd.

  她向人群挥手。

当讨论到建筑的时候，一般使用at the表示建筑本身，当讨论到建筑内部的活动的时候，使用at 或者in

• The taxi dropped me at the school.

  出租车把我放在学校。

• I hated being at school.

  我讨厌待在学校。(指的是在学校的时候，不是指学校建筑本身)

典型错误

当讨论到做什么事情的时候(无论好坏)，使用good/bad at 而不使用in:

• I'm so bad at telling left from right!

  我分不清左右！

  不能用:I'm so bad in telling left from right!

使用at描述时间点或者地点不使用in:

• What are you doing at the weekend?

  你周末打算干什么？

  不能用:...in the weekend

当讨论到一个人的年龄的时候使用at不使用in:

• He died at the age of 85.

  他活到了85岁。

  不能说:... in the age of...

at, in, to 辨析(动作)

一个动作朝向一个方向或点的时候，使用to

• Let's all go to the cinema tonight!

  我们今晚去电影院吧！

• When you come to my place, you'll see our new pet rabbit.

  当你来我这时，你就会看到我们的新的兔子。

• If you drive to the end of the road, then turn left and park in the first car park on the right …

  如果你开到了这条路的尽头，就左转把车停在右边的第一个车位。

表示从一点到另一点时，使用from...to...:

• Is it far from your house to the nearest shop?

  你家离最近的商店远吗？

• How long will it take to get from the hospital to the train station?

  从医院到火车站需要多长时间？

警告:go in 通常用于表示进入，不用于旅行或者移动到某一个地方:

• Why don't you go in?

  你为什么不进来？

• When did you go to Barcelona?

  你什么时候去的巴塞罗那？

at, on 和 in(描述地点)

当描述可以被视为一点的地点的时候用at:

• I was sitting at my desk.

  我坐在课桌上。

讨论到公司、工场(把它们视为一个活动地点)的时候可以用at:

• How many people are working at Microsoft?

  有多少人在微软工作？

描述一个多人参加的活动的时候可以用at:

• Were you at Lisa's party?(also at the cinema, at the theatre)

  你当时在Lisa的派对上吗？(或者在电影院、剧院)

学校、学院、大学(school, college, university)用at:

• She always did well at school.

  她在学校总是表现很好。

描述一个地址:

• They once lived at number 12 South George's Street.

  他们曾经居住在南乔治街12号。

使用at描述诊所、理发店:

• I can't meet at four. I'll be at the hairdresser's until five.

  我不能四点见面，我要在理发店待到下午五点。

描述大多数商店:

• Look what I bought at the butcher's today.

  看看我今天在肉铺买了什么。

描述表面的位置用on:

• I know I left my wallet on the table.

  我知道我把钱包落在桌子上了。

描述海边、河边、湖边的位置:

• Dublin is on the east coast of Ireland.

  都柏林在爱尔兰的东海岸。

讨论到楼层的时候用on:

• They live on the 15th floor!

  他们住在15楼！

讨论到乘坐交通工具用on:

• I was on the train when she phoned.(but to talk about ways of traveling, we use by: I went to Rome by train.)

  当她给我打电话的时候，我正在火车上。(讨论到以某种方式乘坐交通工具的时候使用by:我乘火车去罗马。

讨论到一大片区域的时候使用in:

• I know my book is somewhere in this room. Can anyone see it?

  我知道我的书在这个房间里，有谁看见了吗？

讨论到一个工场的时候(把它作为一个物理地点的时候)使用in:

• She works in a open-plan office.(but we use on when we talk about a farm: I've always wanted to work on a farm.)

  她在一个开放式的办公室里工作。(讨论到农场时使用on:我一直想在一个农场里工作。)

class使用in:

• He found it difficult to concentrate in class.

  他发现他很难在课堂上集中精力。

at, on 和 in（描述时间）

具体的时间点使用at：

• I'll see you at five o'clock.

  我下午五点去找你。

表示一天中的特定时刻用at：

• The helicopter took off at midday and headed for the island.

  直升机在中午向那个岛起飞。

at the weekend:

• What are you doing at the weekend?

  你周末打算干什么？

用at描述特殊节日：

• At the New Year, millions of people travel home to be with their families(but we say on your birthday).

  在新年，很多人回家和家人待在一起。（但是使用on your birthday)

具体日期使用on：

• We moved into this house on 25 October 1987.

  我们在1987年10月25日搬进这个家。

星期几使用on：

• I've got to go to London on Friday.

  我周五要去伦敦。

• The office is closed on Fridays.(every Friday)

  这个办公室每周五关闭。

在非正式场合，通常省略on：

• Do you work Saturdays?

  你周六工作吗？

on用在特殊日期：

• What do you normally do on your birthday?

  你过生日的时候通常干什么？

一天的一个部分用in：

• I'll come and see you in the morning for a cup of coffee, okay?

  我会在早晨找你喝咖啡，可以吗？

月份、年份、季节、很长一段时间用in：

• We usually go camping in July or August.

  我们通常在七八月的时候野营。

• The house was bulit in 1835.

  这个房子建于1835年。

• The garden is wonderful in the spring when all the flowers come out.

  春天花都开的时候这个花园很美丽。

• The population of Europe doubled in the nineteenth century.

  欧洲人口十九世纪的时候翻了一番。

讨论到公共节日或者周末的时候使用at，当我们讨论到特定的某一天或者周末的时候使用on

• We never go away at the New Year because the traffic is awful.

  我们从来不在新年出行因为交通太堵了。

• On New Year's Day, the whole family gets together.

  新年的时候全家都聚在一起。

• I'll go and see my mother at the weekend if the weather's okay.

  如果天气好的话我周末就去看望妈妈。

• The folk festival is always held on the last weekend in July.

  这个民间节日在七月的最后一个周末举行。

警告：美式英语中通常使用on the weekend

通常使用in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, 但是讨论到某一个早晨、下午的时候通常使用on

• I always work best in the morning,I often get tired in the afternoon.

  我早晨的时候工作效率最高，通常到了下午就困了。

• In the evening they used to sit outside and watch the sun going down.

  傍晚的时候他们经常出去走走，看看日落。

• It happened on a beautiful summer's evening.

  那件事发生在一个美丽的夏日夜晚。

in the night通常表示某一个特定的夜晚，at night表示通常意义的在晚上：

• I was awake in the night, thinking about all the things that have happened.

  我那天晚上醒了，想着那些发生过的事情

• ‘It's not safe to travel at night,' the officer said.

  警官说：“晚上出行不安全。”

表示某事结束一般用at the end of sth, 讨论某事在另一件事发生过之后用in the end，表示后来

• At the end of the film, everyone was crying.

  在电影的结尾，所有人都哭了。

  不能用：In the end of the film...

• I looked everywhere for the book but couldn't find it, so in the end I bought a new copy.

  我到处找这本书但是找不到，最后我只好买了本新的。

at the beginning of sth表示某事的开始，in the beginning 用在两种时间的对比，表示开始。。。

• At the beginning of every lesson, the teacher told the children a little story.

  每节课的开始，老师都给学生讲一个小故事。

• In the beginning, nobody understood what was happening, but after she explained everything very carefully, things were much clearer.

  刚开始，没人明白发生了什么，但是她把所有的事情解释清楚之后， 事情就清楚多了。

使用in表示某事花费多少时间：

• He was such a clever musician. He could learn a song in about five minutes.

  他是个聪明的音乐家，他可以在五分钟之内记住一首歌。

使用in（in a year's time, in two month's time)来表示某事过了多长时间后才发生，不用于表示某事花费多长时间：

• I won't say goodbye because we'll be seeing each other again in three day's time.

  我不会说goodbye因为三天后我们又能见面了。

• He ran the marathon in six hours and 20 minutes.

  他用了6小时20分钟跑马拉松。

不使用at, on, in的情况

• He plays football every Saturday.

  他每周六踢足球。

• Are you free next Monday at two o'clock?

  你下周一下午2点有时间吗？

• Last summer we rented a villa in Portugal.

  上个夏天我们在葡萄牙租了一个别墅。

典型错误

讨论具体的某一天的时候使用on不使用at：

• The two couples were married in two different cities on the same day, 25 years ago.

  这两对夫妇在25年前的同一天在不同的城市举办了婚礼。

  不能用：...at the same day, 25 years ago.

讨论具体日期的时候不使用at：

• The General was killed on 26 August.

  这个将军在8月26日被杀了。

  不能用：...at 26 August.

讨论月份使用in, 不使用on：

• They're going to Australia in September for a conference.

  他们九月要去澳大利亚开会。

  不能用：They're going to Australia on September...

Below

below的意思是低于，和under意思相近，反义词是above，当两者没有联系的时候使用below

• Open your exercise book on page 27.Just below the picture there are some questions. Look at the picture and answer the questions.

  把练习册翻到27页。图片下面有几个问题。看图回答问题。

• There was a big clock below the painting.

  在画下面有一个大钟。

below修饰名词时通常放在名词后面：

• The apartment below is owned by a French couple.

  下面的公寓归一对法国夫妇所有。

• We lived up in the mountains and the nearest town below was half an hour's drive.

  我们住在山里,离最近的小镇半个小时的车程。

• It was a wonderful little boat. We spent most of our time fishing and watching the sea. We’d go below to sleep and to eat.

  那是一个特别好的小船，我们在船上时候大多数时间都在钓鱼和看海，我们在下面的客舱吃饭和休息。

讨论到数量、统计数据时，表示在一个低水平时用below：

• Inflation has fallen below 5% for the first time in six years.

  通货膨胀6年来首次低于5%。

• The company’s profits in 2008 were below what they had hoped for.

  这家公司2008年的利润低于预期。

指代下文

• In the figure below, the results show that 54% of the rats tested were carrying the antibody.

  在下面的图表中，结果显示54%的老鼠携带抗体。

• There has been much discussion and debate about global warming (see below).

  关于全球变暖的辩论一直很多（见下文）。

典型错误

当一个事物接触到或者覆盖到另一个事物的时候不使用below而是使用under：

• Under a white coat, she wore an amazing red dress.

  在白色的外套下面，她穿了一件美丽的红衣服。

  不能用：Below a white coat...

beneath

beneath的意思是低于，口语中不常用beneath，一般用below 和under

• Archaeologists discovered a gold cup just beneath the surface at the site of a Roman villa.

  考古学家在一个罗马别墅的下面发现了一个金子做的杯子。

• The metro station is right beneath the airport.

  地铁站在机场下面的右侧。

beneath 常用在某人脚下的土地：

• She could feel the train coming because the ground beneath her feet was moving.

  她能感觉到火车来了因为脚下的地在颤。

beneath作为副词时经常用在书面表达中：

• She looked down from the balcony at the two men talking beneath.

  她从阳台向下看到两个人在交谈。

• In the kitchen there was a modern sink with cupboards and drawers beneath.

  在厨房里有个现代式的洗碗池，下面有碗柜和抽屉。

beneath，under 和below辨析

beneath不用于数字：

• We bought it for just under 200 pounds.

  我们花了不到200磅就买下了。

  不能用：...for just beneath 200 pounds.

• The temperature was below zero all that week.

  不能用： The temperature was beneath …

讨论到某人大材小用、或者聪明才智太高的时候使用beneath：

• The writing and grammar courses were good but maybe a bit beneath my expectations.

  写作和语法课程不错，但是对于我有点太简单了。

  不能用： … maybe a bit under my expectations.

beyond

beyond 表示位置时，做介词表示某事物的远处，做副词时通常用在书面表达中

• Beyond the door was a narrow corridor that led off to the right.

  门外是个通往右侧的狭窄走廊。

• He could see the horse in the field, just beyond the hedge.

  他能看到树篱外面的田地上有一匹马。

• The balcony provided a magnificent view of the river and the mountains beyond.

  这个阳台展示了远方的山河构成的壮丽的景观。

beyond用于描述时间时表示某个时间之后或者某个时间之外

• It’s impossible to predict beyond the next five years as regards world economic trends.

  预测5年之后的世界经济趋势是不可能的。

beyond belief 表示难以置信， beyond doubt 表示无可置疑

• That the government should want to tax the poor even more heavily is beyond belief.

  政府竟然还想向穷人加税，真是难以置信。

• Her commitment to her profession is beyond doubt.

  她对她工作的投入无可置疑。

• The mechanic announced that the engine was beyond repair.

  机修工表示这个发动机报废了。

by

by 表示某个时间点之前

• They said that the plumber would be here by Monday.

  他们说水管工周一会来。

• The postman is always here by 11 am.

  邮递员总是11点来。

使用by the time表示当。。。的时候

• By the time you wake up, I’ll have finished work! (When you wake up, I will have finished work)

  当你醒来时，我就已经写完作业了！

  不能用：By the time you will wake up …

• Unfortunately the man had died by the time the ambulance arrived. (When the ambulance arrived, the man had already died.)

  不幸的是当救护车到达时这个人已经死了。

使用被动语态时，使用by表示动作的发出者

• The new street was opened by the Mayor.

  这个新街道是市长负责开发的，

• The wedding cake was made by Henry’s mother.

  这个婚礼蛋糕是Henry的母亲做的。

by +动词ing表示 通过做某事

• By pressing this button, you turn on the alarm system. Then by entering the code 0089, you can turn it off again.

  通过按这个按钮，你就可以打开警报系统，键入0089代码，你就可以又把它关掉。

by+名词可以表示乘坐。。。或者如何做某件事

• I’ll send it by email; I can send it by post as well if you wish.

  我会发电子邮件，如果你需要的话我也可以发快递。

• Can I pay by credit card?

  我可以使用信用卡支付吗？

使用by car, by bus, by plane，有限定词（a/an, the, some, my, his等等）的时候使用in或者on：

• We went by train to Pisa.

  我们坐火车去的比萨。

• It’s easier to get there by car.

  开着去那更容易。

• Did you travel by plane?

  你坐飞机去旅行的？

• I’ll have to go on the 5 am train.

  我必须乘坐早晨5点的火车走。

• Barbara is traveling in Ann’s car.

  芭芭拉乘坐安的车去旅行。

• Have you ever traveled in a small plane?

  你们曾经坐过小飞机旅行吗？

警告：使用on foot

• It takes me just 20 minutes to get to work on foot.

  我步行去工作只需要20分钟。

  不能说: … to get to work by foot.

by+myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, oneself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 时表示独自。。。，有时使用all by ...

• They painted the whole house by themselves!

  他们自己刷了整个房子！

• I was all by myself in the house last night but I didn't mind.

  我昨天晚上一个人在家但是我并不介意。

• Did you build that castle all by yourself?

  你自己一个人制作的那个城堡？

使用by描述地点的时候表示挨着或者在某事物边上

• There’s a lovely café by the river. We could go there.

  河边有个不错的咖啡馆，我们可以去那。

by和near都表示附近，但是by更近一点：

• I live by a football stadium.

  我住在一个足球馆旁。（足球馆在我家旁边）

• I live near a football stadium.

  我家附近有一个足球馆。（足球馆在我的街区内）

• Three people walked by the house as Henry opened the door. (They walked past the house.)

  Henry开门市，三个人走过房子。

• Lisa waved as she went by. (She passed the house without stopping.)

  Lisa挥挥手走过。

by用于测量和数量

• My bedroom is just three meters by two meters! (three meters in one direction and two meters in the other direction)

  我的卧室只有3米长2米宽！

• When you work part-time, you are usually paid by the hour.

  当时干兼职时，你通常是领时薪的。

• The price of fuel has increased by 12% this year.

  燃料价格今年上涨了12%。

by day和by night用于描述在。。。期间

• He works by night and sleeps by day.

  他晚上工作白天睡觉。

by用于表示某人创作的

• What’s the name of the latest song by U2?

  U2最新的歌是什么？

• This website makes works by Beethoven available free for downloading.

  这个网站免费提供下载贝多芬的作品。

典型错误：

使用by表示动作，不使用with：

• He got into the house by breaking the window.

  他打破窗户进入了房子。

  不能用：...with breaking the window.

使用with描述使用的物体、设备，不能用by：

• He broke the window with a rock.

  他用一块石头打破了窗户。

  不能用：...by a rock

during

描述某事发生在一个时间段内使用during

• You are not allowed to use your mobile phone during class.

  课上不允许使用手机。

• I have to have my window open during the night.

  我不得不在晚上开着窗户。

这个意思下也可以使用in替代：

• His grandfather fought in the army during the First World War. (or … in the First World War.)

  他的祖父在一战的时候参过军。

• When I was a kid, our cousins often came to stay with us during the summer.(or … in the summer.)

  当我是个小孩的时候，我们的表兄们通常在夏天和我们在一起。

• What was that noise I heard during the night, I wonder? or … in the night.

  我昨晚听见的噪音是什么？

• One day, during the Second World War, her father just disappeared.

  他的父亲在二战的一天消失了。

警告：不使用during描述时间长度：

• They lived in Edinburgh for four years.

  他们在爱丁堡生活了4年。

  不能用：They lived in Edinburgh during four years.

然而，可以使用during+the first/last+时间段：

• During the first three years of the war, 50,000 civilians were killed.

  在那场三年的战争中，5万个平民被杀。

• I haven’t done any exercise during the last week.

  上周我一点练习都没做。

典型错误

在名词和名词短语前可以使用during，但是动词前面不能用：

• While I was waiting for the bus, I phoned some friends.

  当我等汽车的时候，我给一些朋友打电话了。

  不能用：During I was waiting for the bus…

for

表示目的或者原因

• I’m going for some breakfast. I’m really hungry.

  我要吃早餐了，我真的饿了。

• She leaves on Friday for a 15-day cruise around the Mediterranean.

  她周五离开去围绕地中海航行半个月。

• I wear these old trousers for painting.

  我穿上旧裤子刷墙。

what...for句型用在非正式情况讨论某事的原因：

• What are you here for?

  你来这干什么？

• What are they doing it for?

  他们这么做是为了什么？

for 描述某人接受某事

• She bought a teapot for her sister.

  她给她妹妹买了一个茶杯。

• Mike Cranham and his staff at the hotel cook for 800 people a day, on average.

  Mike Cranham和他的员工在旅馆平均每天给800人做饭。

for+一段时间

• There’s a lovely open-air pool near us. We usually go there for a couple of hours in the evenings when it’s warm enough.

  附近有一个非常好的露天泳池，我们通常在晚上它足够热的时候去那待几个小时。

警告：不要混淆for 和in的用法

• We’re going to Cape Town for two months.

  我们要去Cape镇待两个月。

• We’re going to Cape Town in two months.

  我们要在两个月内去Cape镇。

否定句中in和for有一样的意思，但是在美式英语中in更常用：

• I haven’t seen him in five years.(or for five years.)

  我五年没见到过他了。

for + -ing

使用for+动词ing形式来讨论某物的功能：

• I need something for storing CDs.

  我需要一些东西来存放CD。

• The PC is still the most popular tool for developing software systems.

  PC机仍然是开发软件的最受欢迎的工具。

for+动词ing形式还可用于描述某事的原因：

• You should talk to Jane about it. You know, she’s famous for being a good listener.

  你应该跟Jane谈谈这个，你知道，她是出了名的聆听者。

警告：不使用for+doing来表达目的或者意图，使用to do：

• We’re going to Lisbon to visit my aunt.

  我们要去里斯本去看望我的姑姑。

  不能用： We’re going to Lisbon for visiting my aunt. 或者 … for visit my aunt.

• He’s now studying to be a doctor.

  他现在努力学习争取正为一名医生。

  不能用：He’s now studying for to be a doctor. or … for being a doctor.

• You don’t need to bring anything. There’ll be sandwiches to eat and juice to drink.

  你不需要去携带任何事情。那里有三明治和果汁。

  不能用：There’ll be sandwiches for eat and juice for drink.

from

from表示某事起始时间点

• Tickets for the concert are on sale from Monday.

  音乐会的票从周一开始出售。

• The finals take place from 1.30 pm on Sunday.

  决赛周日下午1点半开始。

用from表示某事的起始等级，比如数字或者价格：

• Prices start from £366 per week for a property that sleeps four, including a return ferry crossing.

  基础包括四人间和往返轮渡，价格每周366英镑起。

使用from表示离某地的距离

• The Metro station is nearby and we are only five minutes from the motorway.

  地铁站很近，我们只需要开5分钟的高速路就可以到。

from表示起源

• Bernie comes from Manchester.

  Bernie来自曼彻斯特

• We get our vegetables from the farm shop. They’re really fresh.

  我们从农商店买蔬菜，蔬菜很新鲜。

• Would you get me a knife from that drawer?

  你能从那个抽屉里给我拿一把刀吗？

表示材料或者配料去制作某物：

• Camembert is also made from unpasteurised milk, like Brie.

  卡蒙贝尔奶酪也是由非杀菌牛奶制作的，比如Brie奶酪。

from...to表示范围

• Prices range from £405 to £425, depending on the size of the room, and include breakfast and dinner.

  价格从405磅到425磅不等，取决于房间大小、是否包括早餐和晚餐。

• The river flows from east to west.

  这条河从东向西流。

• There were six Miller children, ranging in age from nineteen to seven.

  有6个叫米勒的孩子，最大的19岁最小的7岁。

• A small cloud of smoke rose from the glass and the colour of the liquid changed from red to purple, and from purple to a watery green.

  一小团雾从杯子里升起，然后液体的颜色从红色变成了紫色，又从紫色变成水绿色。

in front of

in front of表示在某物前面，反义词是behind

• A really tall man was sitting in front of me and I couldn't see the screen properly. or I was sitting behind a really tall man and I couldn't see the screen properly.

  一个高个子坐在我前面，我看不到屏幕了，或者我坐在一个高个子后面然后看不到屏幕了。

in spite of 和 despite

二者都表示尽管，多用于书面表达中，in spite of后面通常接noun

• He got the job in spite of his prison record.

  尽管他坐过牢，但是他还是得到了这份工作。

• John’s company is doing extremely well despite the recession.

  尽管经济不景气，但是John的公司依然保持着非常好的业绩。

in spite of 和 despite后面也可以加动词ing：

• He was very fast in spite of being terribly overweight.

  尽管他眼中超重，但是速度依然很快。

• They arrived late despite leaving in plenty of time.

  尽管留出了充足的时间，但是他们依然晚了。

警告：in spite of 和 despite接从句时要加the fact that：

• When they arrived at Malaga it was hot, in spite of the fact that it was only the end of April.

  尽管只是4月底，但是他们到达马拉加的时候依然很热。

despite后面不加of，直接加名词

in, into

in表示某事在更大的范围内

• A：Where’s Jane?

• B：She’s in the garden.

  A：Jane在哪里？

  B：她在花园里。

• I’ve left my keys in the car.

  我把钥匙落在车上了。

into通常用在某个动作中，表示某物正在往某个方向动作

• A：Where’s Jane?

• B：She’s gone into the house.

  A：Jane在哪里？

  B：她走进花园里了。

比较：

• She’s gone for a walk in the garden.=She is in the garden walking.

  她在花园里散步。

• She walked into the garden.=She entered the garden.

  她走进了花园。

一些动词（put，fall，jump，dive）可以使用in或者into，意思相同：

• Can you put the milk in/into the fridge?

  你能把牛奶放进冰箱里吗？

• Her keys fell in/into the canal.

  他的钥匙掉进了运河里。

into表示热情和感兴趣

• He’s really into his work.

  他非常沉迷工作。

• I’m into classical music and Thai food.

  我非常喜欢古典音乐和泰国美食。

change into和turn into描述变化：

• We’ve translated the course into six different languages.

  我们已经把这个课程翻译成六种语言了。

• She changed into her swimming costume and went for a swim.

  她换上泳装去游泳了。

• They divided the cake into four pieces.

  他们把蛋糕分成了四份。

  不能用：They divided the cake in four pieces.

in用于动词短语之中

• I was feeling very tired and I couldn’t really take in what she was saying. (understand)

  我当时太累了真的不知道她当时在说什么。

• Please call in and see us next time you’re in the area. (visit us briefly)

  下次你再来的时候一定要看我们。

near 和near to

near 和near to 意思相同表示附近，near更详细一点

• She comes from a small place on the coast near Barcelona.

  她来自巴塞罗那附近海岸的一个小地方。

• My mother loves to sit near the fire at night.

  我的妈妈喜欢晚上落在壁炉旁。

• She reached out her hand and drew him near to her.

  她伸出手把他拉近。

near和near to可以讨论时间：

• My boss is near retirement.

  我的老板快退休了。

• Call me back near the end of September.

  九月底给我回电话。

• It was full of soldiers and of military police, and I was near despair.

  到处都是士兵和警察，我当时都要绝望了。

in the near future表示不久后，near此时为形容词

• Bank interest rates are expected to rise in the near future.

警告：不用near修饰名词，应该用nearby：

• We went to a nearby restaurant in the evening.

  我们在晚上去了附近的一家饭店。

  不能用：...a near restaurant…

of

名词+of+名词表示某事的一部分

• Lima is the capital of Peru.

  利马是秘鲁的首都。

• Twenty-four-hour TV news makes sure we all know the main events of the day.

  通过24小时的电视新闻我们都知道了那天的大事件。

• Would you like some more pieces of toast?

  你还要烤面包片吗？

of用于部分形容词（afraid of，generous of，proud of）和部分动词（approve of，dream of，think of）

• I never thought she could take a flight on her own at her age. I feel very proud of her.

  我从没想过在她这个年纪她可以自己坐飞机。我为她感到非常骄傲。

• Best of luck with the interview tomorrow. We’ll be thinking of you.

  祝你明天面试好运，我们会想着你的。

限定词+of+名词

• Most of the new workers in the country are from Turkey.

  这个国家大多数的新工人都来自土耳其。

• Some of my best friends are computer scientists.

  我有些好朋友是计算机专家。

of用在all，both，half后面

• Both (of) the finance ministers have decided to resign.

  两个财政大臣都已经决定辞职。

• All of them will be able to travel on the bus.

  所有人都能坐上公交车旅行。

  不能用：All them will be able to …

on，onto

on, onto都是介词，on表示描述一个表面位置（on the table, on the ocean, on the moon, on the roof, on the bus)

• Your keys are on the table.

  你的钥匙在桌子上。

• The men were standing on the roof.

  那些人在屋顶上站着。

使用onto表示一个动作指向或者移动至一个表面位置，通常与一个动词连用;

• The cat climbed onto the roof.

  那个猫跳上了屋顶。

• She emptied the suitcase full of clothes onto the floor.

  她把箱子里的衣服都扔在了地板上。

on描述一个路边、河边、海边、湖边的位置

• The hotel is on the road opposite the beach.

  旅馆在沙滩对面的路旁。

• They have a fabulous house on a lake in Ireland.

  他们在爱尔兰境内的一个湖边有一个漂亮的房子。

使用onto描述一个动作通向一个终点（一条路或者一条河）：

• The path leads onto the main road.

  这条小路通向主干道。

on和onto都可以描述一件事物对另一件事物的附带或者作用，onto的动作意图更明显：

• There’s a battery pack with the camera that you can clip onto a belt.

  相机还附赠一个电池包，你可以将其夹在带子上。

• You can save the data onto your hard disk.

  你可以在硬盘上保存数据。

• Have you put the pictures on your memory stick?

  你把照片存在存储棒上了吗？

over

over做介词表示更高的位置或者级别：

• A beautiful white bird flew over the lake.

  一只美丽的鸟飞过这片湖。

• With an umbrella over my head, I was able to protect myself from the midday sun.

  有个我头上的雨伞，我才能在中午的阳光中保护我自己。

也可以使用over描述一个动作穿过一个表面：

• A small boat came over the lake and approached our cottage.

  一个小船穿过湖畔到达了我们的小屋。

• Shall we go over the road and see if there’s a bank on the other side?

  我们能穿过马路看看那边是否有一家银行吗？

over和all over可以表示某物覆盖住某物，all over表达意思更强：

• You can buy a plastic cover to put over your computer if you’re worried about dust.

  如果你担心尘土的话你可以买一个塑料布覆盖在你的电脑上。

• He had mud all over his face.

  你脸上全是泥。

over表示一个长期的时间

• Over a period of three centuries, very little changed in the pattern of life for the poorest people.

  尽管过了三个世纪，但是底层人民的生活却几乎没什么改变。

• What are you doing over the summer holidays? Are you going away?

  你整个暑假想干啥？你要走了吗？

over与数字连用表示多于

• There were over 100 people at the lecture.

  超过100个人在听演讲。

• If your hand baggage weighs over 10 kilos, you must check it in.

  如果你的行李超过10公斤，就需要登记。

• She couldn't enter the competition. She was over the age limit.

  她不能参赛因为她超龄了。

over作为副词，经常与动词连用表示在某物上的动作

• We were sitting in the garden and a huge flock of geese flew over. It was beautiful.

  我们坐在花园里看见一群鹰飞过，真是美丽的场景。

over还可以用于表示去某人家里：

• Would you like to come over and have dinner one evening?

  你愿意来我家吃晚饭吗？

over and over表示重复，多次，经常用于人们不愿意发生的事情：

• Stop it! I’ve told you over and over not to play with the radio!

  停！我已经告诉你别再一遍遍玩收音机了！

over作为形容词表示结束，完成：

• We were so late that, when we got to the cinema, the film was over.

  我们太晚了，当我们去电影院的时候，电影都结束了。

over作为前缀，表示太多了

• That new restaurant is overpriced if you ask me.

  如果你问我的话，新饭店太贵了。

• I didn’t enjoy the play. It was a student production, and everyone seemed to be overacting.

  我一点也不喜欢那个演出，就是个学生作品，并且所有人表演太夸张了。