【教书匠阿伦-原创干货】托福阅读的语法难点

作者: 教书匠阿伦 | 来源:发表于2019-07-20 08:36 被阅读0次

1. 托福语法中的嵌套结构

托福阅读中会有很多相同的两个或三个以上的语法累加出现，就是我们所说的嵌套结构，这样的句子会让打乱考生的正常阅读顺序。

Whatever the final answer to the water crisis may be, it is evident that within the High Plains, irrigation water will never again be the abundant, inexpensive resource it was during the agricultural boom years of the mid-twentieth century.

翻译：无论水资源危机的最终结果如何，可以看出来的是，北美大平原地区灌溉水资源再也不会像二十世纪中期农业繁荣时那样充足廉价了。

这句话是复合句，整个句子的结构是状语从句+主句+主语从句+定语从句，如下：

- 状语从句：Whatever the final answers to the water crisis may be

- 主句： it is evident

- 主语从句：that within the High Plains, irrigration water will never again be the abundant, inexpensive resource... of the mid-twentieth century.

- 定语从句：it was during the agricultural boom years of the mid-twentieth century

Even though the fine arts in the twentieth century often treat materials in new ways， the basic difference in attitude of artists in relation to their materials in the fine arts and the applied arts remains relatively constant.

翻译：尽管二十世纪的美术经常用新的方式对待不同材料，艺术家们对他们的所用绘画材料的态度，分为美术和应用艺术，并且相对固定。

- 状语从句: 前半句为even though引导的

- 主句: the basic difference in attitude of artists in relation to their materials in the fine arts and the applied arts remains relatively constant

前部分结构并不复杂，后部分才是重点难点。主句中，主语the basic difference后有三个后置定语，分别为in attitude of artists，in relation to their materials和in the fine arts and the applied arts，很多同学在看到这么多修饰性成分就会看不懂，不理解句子的连续性。

Those individuals who possess characteristics that provide them with an advantage in the struggle for existenceare more likely to survive and contribute their genes to the next generation.

翻译：那些在生存竞争中具有优势的个体更有可能存活下来，并将他们的基因遗传给下一代。

分析：这句话和上面的那句话一样也是嵌套句型，不同的是这句话是从句嵌套加上后置定语的嵌套。这句话中，who引导定语从句修饰主语Those individuals，that引导的定语从句修饰前面从句中的characteristics。

这种多个嵌套句型会让很多同学都觉得很有挑战。但是只要大家跟第一句话的方法一样，将这种结构放在其所修饰的内容前面就行，先处理小部分再处理大部分。

在中文语法上来说，我们习惯把修饰性成分放在被修饰性成分的前面。