阿伦老师今天大家带来《托福阅读中的核心逻辑关系：因果关系》一文，希望对大家托福备考有所帮助。更多精彩尽请关注教书匠阿伦!
托福阅读文章核心逻辑关系有较多种类，了解并掌握相应的核心逻辑关系对各位同学无论是判断主旨还是梳理细节都在文章理解层面具有帮助。
表示原因：because, because of, for, as, since, in that, on account of, with
表示结果：so, so that, therefore, thereby, as a result, hence, thus, consequently, accordingly
TPO 43 - El Nino
In fact, this is the time of year they traditionally set aside to tend to their equipment and await the return of cold water. The residents of the region have given this phenomenon the name of El Nino, which is Spanish for 'the child,' because it occurs at about the time of the celebration of birth of the Christ child.
事实上，这段时间向来也是渔民们修补设备、等待冷水回归的时间。该地区的居民已经替这种现象取了个名字叫“厄尔尼诺”，在西班牙语里意思是“圣婴”，因为它发生在庆祝基督延生的这段时间。
这一段是作者在进行厄尔尼诺现象命名解释中的补充因果关系，通常在托福阅读中，对于一些新名词和新现象，作者会进行一定的解释说明。
除了，在托福阅读的传统意义上的显性因果表达词外，隐形的因果关系除了传统意义上的显性因果表达词外，隐性的因果同样是不可忽略的一个重要部分。
2. 隐性因果：A 导致(因-果)：
cause, reason, lead to, give rise to, result in, render, make, let, ask, support, push, stimulate, spark, spur, fuel, produce, be responsible for
比如TPO 35 - The Development of Social Complexity
Archaeologist Donald Henry suggests that the combination of a rich habitat and sedentism (permanent, year-round settlement) led to a dramatic increase in human population. In his view, nomadic, simple foragers have relatively low levels of fertility. Their high-protein, low-carbohydrate diets result in low body-fat levels, which are commonly associated with low fertility in women.
根据原文，人类学家 Donald Henry 认为，物产富饶的居住地和定居主义（即永久的、全年的定居生活）的结合导致人类人口出现了爆发式的增长。他认为，觅食方式比较简单的游牧人民生育率也相对较低。游牧民族的高蛋白、低碳水的饮食导致他们体脂率低，这就导致了女人的生育率低。
这段话中，有lead to，意思都为导致的意思，导致了人类人口爆发式的增长。可以判断这段话有因果的隐含逻辑关系。
TPO 35 - The Development of Social Complexity
All of these factors may have resulted in a trend of increasing size among some local human populations in the Holocene (since 9600 B.C.E.).
这段话中，有result in，意思都为导致的意思, 上述所有因素导致了全新世的一-些当地居民人口的增长趋势（从公元前 9600 年开始）。
3. 隐性因果：B 由…而来(果-因)：result from, derive from, originate from, initiate from, stem from, be responsive to, be attributable to
TPO 25 The Evolutionary Origins of Plants
This supposition stems from the close phylogenetic (natural evolutionary) relationship between the two groups. DNA comparisons have shown that green algae are plants’ closest living relatives.
这个假说根植于两种物种很近的系统发育（自然进化论）的关系。通过对比两者的 DNA，得知绿藻是目前还存活的与植物亲缘关系最近的“近亲”。
这段话中，根据stem from可以推断出植物学的假说(supposition)是由于两种物种很近的系统发育（自然进化论）的关系, 可以判断出有因果关系。
4. 隐性因果：C 反映，体现(果-因) : reflect, present, demonstrate, suggest, imply, show
TPO 53 Evidence of the Earliest Writing
Researchers demonstrated that preliterate people, to keep track of the goods they produced and exchanged, created a system of accounting using clay tokens as symbolic representations of their products. Over many thousands of years, the symbols evolved through several stages of abstraction until they became wedge-shaped (cuneiform) signs on clay tablets, recognizable as writing.
研究者证实，没有读写能力的人为了记录他们生产和交换的货物用黏土符号创造了一个计数系统作为他们产品的象征性代表。经历了几千年，这些符号经历几个抽象阶段的进化，直到他们成为在黏土碑上楔形的符号，即可辨认的文字。
此处的demostrate that后面引导的宾语从句的内容隐含了相应的因果关机，即符号成为了生产与交易的象征性代表。
5. 隐性因果：D 考虑到: given, considering, in view of, thanks to, according to
TPO 52 Stream Deposit
If current velocity continues to decrease - as a flood wanes, for example - finer particles settle out on top of the large ones. Thus, a stream sorts its sediment according to size.
如果水流的速度继续减弱——比如洪水消退时——更细的颗粒会沉淀在大颗粒上。因此，溪流按大小将沉积物分类。
这段话中的溪流的分类中取决于不同的沉积物的大小(according to the size of the sediment)
6. 隐性因果：E 依赖于: rely on, depend on, resort to,
TPO 28 - Groundwater
Extraction of water depends on two properties of the aquifer: porosity and permeability. Between sediment grains are spaces that can be filled with water.
从地层中取水取决于水层的两个因素：孔隙度和渗透率。沉积颗粒之间的空间可以储存水，这种孔隙空间由孔隙度表征。
在托福阅读考试中，通常在depend on后面会出现多选题或者是细节题，考察学生对于隐形因果逻辑的把握。
7. 隐性因果F 条件关系：when, once, as soon as, as long as
TPO 41 Climate of Venus
In fact, water probably once dominated the Venusian atmosphere. Venus and Earth are similar in size and mass, so Venusian volcanoes may well have outgassed as much water vapor as on Earth, and both planets would have had about the same number of comets strike their surfaces.
事实上，水蒸气可能曾经是金星大气层的主要成分。金星和地球的大小和质量都差不多，所以两个星球的火山排出的水蒸气可能是一样多的，而且撞击到两个星球的彗星数量也相当。
通过once了解到水蒸气在金星的作用，对后文提出的金星和地球都被相同数量的彗星撞击过表面有潜在的因果逻辑。
■ 托福提分月计划课程（在线小班）
■ SAT精英课程（在线小班）
■ 托福/SAT/GRE写作批改服务（48h内回复）
*更多TOEFL丨SAT丨AP丨GRE实用的提分秘籍和有趣好玩的视频课程，关注微信公众号"SATPEDIA"。
网友评论