【英语学习】这个系列的文章,共99篇,这是第7篇!
连词成句:
解题:
1. 根据【英语学习】的基本功(3),句子核心成分为SVO(名动名),情态动词后接动词原形做谓语动词V,所以can make(唯一的动词)先组合;
2. 名词有四个(pupils, school, arrangements, needs),显然can make arrangements 组合更合理;
3. 根据固定搭配 make arrangements for,可以确定谓语动词 can make arrangements for;
4. 再来确定 S 和 O,显然 school can make arrangements for pupils 意思更合理;又因为school为可数名词,不可“裸奔”,所以 the school;
5. 剩下with special needs这个介宾短语(其中special形容词修饰needs这个名词);
6. 根据意思,这个介宾短语来限定pupils更合理(介宾短语做定语位于名词后);
7. 最终句子:The school can make arrangements for pupils with special needs.
1
以上解题过程,若没有语法基本功以及对语块(固定搭配)的熟悉,我们不太容易组合准确。语法是基本功,在语法基础上再学会make arrangements for 这样的固定搭配会让你的英文更地道自然,这样的固定搭配在英文中叫做collocation。
A collocation is a pair or group of words that are often used together.
举例:fast food (不是quick food);a quick meal(不是a fast meal);watch TV(不是look at TV)等等。
知道collocations这个概念之后,我们平时在学习英文过程中,需格外注意这样的搭配,把它们当成整体来记忆和运用,而不再孤立地背诵单词(乏味无效)。
常见的语块collocations有以下六类:
Adjectives and nouns(形容词+名词)
如【英语学习】的基本功(3)所讲,形容词通常修饰名词,所以它们可以看成一个整体。
举例:
1. Jean always wears red or yellow or some other bright colour.
2. We hada brief chatabout the exams but didn't have time to discuss them properly.
3. Unemployment isa major problemfor the government at the moment.
注意事项:名词除了用形容词修饰之外,前面通常还会有限定词,如句1中的some,句2和句3中的a,所以我们把a brief chat看成一个整体。句子中出现可数名词“裸奔”通常都是错误的,所谓“裸奔”,是指既没有复数形式又没有限定词,如开篇the一定是限定可数名词school(否则school会裸奔),而不是限定pupils或者needs。此类错误是中国学生写作或口语中最常见的错误之一(因为中文无需考虑单复数)。
Noun + noun (名词+名词)
名词前面除了可以用形容词修饰外,还可以用名词来限定,我们也把它们看成整体来记忆。
举例:
1.The reading roomseems to be always well ocuppied.
2. Every parent feelsa sense of pridewhen their child does well or wins something.
3. I felta pang of nostalgiawhen I sawthe old photos of the villagewhere I grew up.
注意事项:
1. 句1中reading为动名词,限定room,告诉读者这是阅览室,而不是其他room。此处,部分同学会认为reading是现在分词来修饰room,这涉及到语法中的非谓语动词中的动名词和现在分词的区别,后期进阶语法会有详解,此处暂不赘述。
2. 句2中是类似a lot of的结构,类似的还有:a wealth of knowledge,loads of work,piles of paper等,与句2中的a sense of pride一样,把它们看成整体来记忆。
3. 句3中有两个of结构,前一个与句2类似,后一个为A of B结构,AB均为名词,核心名词是A,B是限定成分。
Verbs and expressions with prepositions (动词+介词)
动词后接介词,构成动词短语,以此来接宾语。
举例:
1. As Jack went on stage to receive his gold medal for the judo competition you could see his parentsswelling withpride.
2. Iwas filled withhorror when I read the newspaper report of the explosion.
3. When she spilt juice on her new skirt the little girlburst intotears.
注意事项:
1. 句1中swell with(充满)这个动词短语中的swell为主动形式,而句2中be filled with为被动形式,直译为“被填满”,但句2语境中也可译为“充满”。所以有时中文主被动均可理解,但英文中却不可主被动随意换,swell with就是主动形式的collocation,而be filled with就是被动形式的collocation,记忆时还需格外注意。
2. 句3中burst into tears表示嚎啕大哭,类似也可说成burst into laughter(放声大笑)。但还是提醒各位读者,不可随意编造,务必查询词典审核,如下:
有很多这样的例句支撑,才能证明它是常用的词组,且务必要注意单复数等细节的准确性。
添加s之后,用必应词典则搜索不出例句。所以务必注意正确形式为burst into laughter,而burst into tears是需要加s的。细心,是学习英语的必备品质。
Nouns and verbs (名词+动词)
此处不是名词修饰动词(显然不可以),而是名词和动词构成常见的主谓结构。
举例:
1.The economy boomedin the 1990s.
2.The two companies mergedin 2003 and nowform one very large corporation.
3.The company launchedthe product in 2002.
4.The price increase posesa problem for us.
注意事项:
1. 句1中,boom的意思很多,其中有一个是“繁荣”,常与economy构成主谓结构,还可以与trade(交易,贸易)构成主谓结构。
2. 句2中merge表示合并,主语是two companies(显然,一个公司无法合并,两个公司才能发出“合并”这个动作),所以写作时务必思考主谓之间的合理性,平时阅读中不断积累主谓结构。
3. 句3中,launch表示发起、发行,the company可以发出这个动作;需要注意的是launch the product是动宾短语(也是常见collocation),launch常见动宾搭配还有launch a compaign(发起一场运动), launch a new model(推出新型号)等。
4. 句4中主语是the price increase(不是the price),动词是pose,构成主谓结构。pose常见意思有“姿势”、“摆姿势”,此处做及物动词,表“构成”(相当于 is 或者 present),常用动宾短语为pose a problem, pose a threat to, pose a challenge等。
Verbs and adverbs(动词+副词)
副词修饰动词,做状语成分。
举例:
1. Heplaced the beautiful vase gentlyon the window ledge.
2. 'I love you and want to marry you,' Derekwhispered softly to Marsha.
3. Shesmiled proudlyas she looked at the photos of her new grandson.
注意事项:句2中,whisper softly为动词+副词结构,但也不要忘记上面第3种所讲whisper to这个动词+介词结构,所以就直接做为整体来记忆和运用。
Adverbs and adjectives(副词+形容词)
副词修饰形容词,做状语成分。
举例:
1. They arehappily married.
2. I amfully awarethat there are serious problems.
注意事项:
1. 句1中,married为marry这个动词的过去分词形式,上期讲过分词统一看成形容词,所以happily married自然是属于副词+形容词这个结构。
2. 句2中aware为形容词,多数学生把它当成动词使用,导致使用错误。这便是上期语法中强调的词性是语法的根基,这也是当前【英语学习】的问题(3)中国学生输出能力弱的主要原因。
2
平时我们在积累collocations还需要注意区分哪些是用在Spoken English?哪些是用在Formal English?
举例:美剧中经常听到pretty awful(相当坏)和pretty good(相当好),属于上面提及到的副词+形容词搭配。但此类搭配用在正式书面写作(如雅思写作)就会显得不得体,而应使用fairly good,显得更正式。
另外,在新闻报纸中,也会使用特有的collocations来达到简短又吸引人的目的;在商务英语中,也有其特定的collocations,这两点与我们常规英语学习者相关性不大,故此处不做赘述。
3
平时,我们会遇到很多由make, do, get, come等常用词汇组成的collocations,我们若能准确使用,也会显得更地道自然,而不必刻意追求所谓高大上的词组。
Go ( not get )
Go is used for changes in people's personality, appearance and physical abilities:
People go mad/bald/grey/blind/deaf.
Go is often used for sudden, usually negative, changes:
He was very embarrassed and his face went red.
Suddenly the sky went very dark and it started to rain.
Go can also be used for slower colour changes:
The pages of the book had gone yellow over the years.
Turn ( not get )
Turn often collocates with colours:
The sky turned gold as the sun set.
When the tomatoes turn red, the farmers pick them and sell them.
The news gave his mother such a shock that her hair turned white overnight.
Get and become
Get and become can often be used with the same collocations, but become is more formal and is therefore more appropriate in essays:
She gave up smoking when she became pregnant.
I would like to become involved in raising money for charity.
The same is true for collocations with adjectives such as angry, bored, excited, depressed, upset, impatient, violent:
He became depressed after his wife's death.
Become, not get, is used with the following: extinct, (un)popular, homeless, famous.
Our local baker's has become famous for its apple tarts.
Alternatives to get and become:
She fell ill and was taken to hospital.
Everyone fell silent when they heard the shocking news.
As my father grew older, he spent less time working.
The noise grew louder and soon we realised it was a plane approaching.
Overusing and misusing get
Here are some sentences from students' essays where get is wrongly used.
A year ago, he got a heart attack.
更恰当的版本:A year ago, he had/suffered a heart attack.
I was getting crazy.
更恰当的版本:I was going crazy.
参考书籍:
书籍(电子版)下载地址:
链接: https://pan.baidu.com/s/1CJDYBlhrhb6YMPK5Zaa-SQ
提取密码: ppm8
总结
语文中,很多字词都有常见的搭配,比如“继承传统”、“展望未来”、“培养感情”。在这一点上,英文和中文相似,也有常见的语块,我们需要看成整体来记忆和运用。
【英语学习】系列文章:
第一篇:当前【英语学习】的问题(1)
第二篇:当前【英语学习】的问题(2)
第三篇:当前【英语学习】的问题(3)
第四篇:【英语学习】的基本功(1)
第五篇:【英语学习】的基本功(2)
第六篇:【英语学习】的基本功(3)
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