Day7: 非谓语动词

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每个动词在句子中可以被用作限定动词（谓语动词）或非限定动词（非谓语动词）。限定动词在句中充当谓语，在人称和数上必须和主语保持一致。也就是当一个动词拥有主语和时态时，被称作限定动词（谓语动词）：

We want Irvine to act as club secretary.

I like taking photographs of insects.

Coming home last night, I saw a deer run across the road.

非限定动词（非谓语动词）不受主语限定，没有人称和数的变化，具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句中不能单独充当谓语（但可以和情态动词或助动词一起充当谓语），可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等。常见的形式有一般形式、现在分词形式、过去分词形式和to动词不定式形式，当然还有其它形式，如to动词不定式的进行时(to be teaching)、to动词不定式的完成时(to have taught)和to动词不定式的被动形式(to be taught)等：

To open, tear off the tab.

Looking around, he noticed a letter on the floor.

Worn out by the heat, they stopped for a drink.

That plan failling, he gave up.

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一般形式

动词的非限定部分的一般形式有以下几种用法：

-- 在情态动词后面：

You must stop at the kerb before you cross.

He should think before he speaks.

-- 在let's(suggestion)、let(permission)、make(compulsion)后面：

Let's invite Annette round for dinner.

Let the cat go!

Make him stop!

Let him finish what he was saying!

-- 在feel、hear、see、watch + 对象后：

I heard him run downstairs.

Later we saw them leave the house.

-- 在动词不定式连接的and后：

I want you to sit and listen.

Just wait and see.

-- 在would rather和had better后：

I would rather go out, but I think we had better stay home and finish the painting.

感官动词(see、hear、feel、smell、listen to、watch)可以跟一般形式或ing形式，但两者意思有一些不同：

We watched her park the car. (目睹了事件的整个过程)

We watched her parking the car. (可能只目睹了事件的一部分)

I heard a bird call. (我听见只有一只鸟叫)

I heard the birds singing. (我听见了很多鸟唱的歌的一部分)

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to动词不定式形式与ing形式(现在分词)

to动词不定式常有以下用法：

-- 在如(small、tall、agreeable、pleasant、funny)等描述quality的形容词与too连用的后面：

The child was too small to reach the switch. (这个孩子太小而不能...)

The knife was too blunt to cut the string.

-- 在 (not) + 形容词(描述quality) + enough 的后面：

The child was not tall enough to reach the switch. (这个孩子还不够高...)

The knife was not sharp enough to cut the string.

I was stupid enough to go walking in flip flops. (我愚蠢到穿人字拖走路)

-- 在形容词(描述behaviour等，如good、kind、nice、silly、wrong等)的后面，有时会在这种形式 形容词 + of + 名词短语 的后面：

It was silly to go off like that.

It was good of you to come, and kind of Jane to have sent those flowers.

It was kind of you to ring me.

-- 在 形容词(如easy、difficult、hard、impossible等) + for + 名词短语 后面：

It has never been easy for David to sit exams.

-- 在how、what、where、whether、which、who、whom等单词后面：

We have no idea what to get for Tim's birthday.

I don't know where to go.

I can't think how to do it.

They were wondering who to see first.

-- 在名词短语(如a good idea、a good thing、a mistake等)后面，有时会在这种形式 名词短语 + for + 另一个名词短语 后面：

It was a good idea to stop here.

It was a mistake for him to buy that motorbike.

-- 在 动词(如ask、wait等) + for + 名词短语 的后面：

They are waiting for us to decide.

-- 在 动词(agree、arrange、attempt、choose、decide、fail、hope、learn、manage、offer、plan、seem) 后面：

I agreeed to help Irvine with her homework.

The driver attempted to remove the flat tyre.

I hope to see you again at the next meeting.

-- 在 动词(如下表) + (对象) + to动词不定式 后面：

***	***	***	***	***
advise	hate	like	persuade	request
ask	help	love	prefer	teach
challenge	instruct	need	recommend	tell
choose	intend	order	remind	want
forbid	invite	allow	command	force

Peter advised Ron to call the police.

Esther reminded her teacher to set some revision.

They want me to go to Germany with them.

I certainly intended to go to the party.

-- to动词不定式可以使用在动词+名词或代词后面来表达一种目的或必要的事：

I brought it to read on the train. (目的：我能够读书)

There is work to to! (必要：工作必须做完)

-- 有时to也可以单独使用，例如在一个简短的回答中，但动词要在前面的句子中体现：

Did you meet Tina? No, I wanted to, but she was ill. (meet出现在前面的句子中，I wanted to meet省略meet).

Are you going to visit the museum? Yes, we hope to.

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ing形式有如下用法：

-- 一些动词通常只能跟ing形式：

***	***	***	***
admit	deny	finish	mind
avoid	dislike	give up	miss
(can't) help	enjoy	imagine	practise
(can't) stand	fancy	involve	put off
consider	feel like	keep (on)	risk

I always enjoy cooking.

Not: I always enjoy to cook.

-- 动词(如下表)可以在和ing形式之间加一个宾语：

***	***	***	***
can't stand	dislike	imagine	involve
mind	miss	put off	risk

We just couldn't imagine Gerry singing in public.

Do you mind me being here while you're working?

I don't want to risk him losing this job.

-- 动词(like、love、hate、prefer)后加ing形式或to动词不定式都可以，并且意思没有太大区别，ing形式注重动词本身，to动词不定式注重行为的偏好或结果：

She likes to swim in the sea. (注重表达偏好)

She likes swimming in the sea. (注重表达游泳过程)

-- 动词(like、love、hate、prefer)在和would/should连用时，只有to动词不定式没有ing形式：

She would love to get a job nearer home.

Not: She would love getting a job nearer home.

-- 动词(如下表)后加ing形式或to动词不定式都可以，但意思有所区别：

***	***	***	***
go on	need	remember	try
mean	regret	stop	want

I didn't mean to make you cry. (我没想弄哭你，有点主观)

Working in London means leaving home at 6:30. (因为我工作在伦敦，这是因果，有点客观)

She recited a poem, then went on to sing a lovely folk song. (她首先背诵完一首诗歌，然后去唱民谣)

He went on singing after everyone else had finished. (他在别人都完成后还在继续唱歌，没有打断)

I tried to email Simon but it bounced back. (我尝试去发送emial但没有成功)

I tried searching the web and finally found an address for him. (我搜到了一些我能够找到的信息)

We stopped to buy some water at the motorway service area. (停下来去干某事)

She stopped crying as soon as she saw her mother. (停止做某事)

I remembered to switch the lights off before we went out. (记得要做某事)

I remembered switching the lights off before we went out. (记得做过某事)