Day1: 副词一

英语副词.jpg

副词的功能

副词和名词、动词、形容词一起是四种主要词类。副词通常用来描述一个动词、形容词、另一个副词、一个分句或整个句子，也极少的用于描述名词短语。副词有很多不同的意思和功能，对于描述时间(time)、方式(manner)、地点(place)、程度(degree)和频率(frequency)等来说是极其重要的。

Sit quietly! (修饰动词 sit)

Irvine was rather quiet. (修饰形容词 quiet)

That week seemed to go by incredibly slowly. (修饰副词 slowly)

It takes quite a lot of courage to jump from a plane. (修饰名词短语 a lot of courage)

I'm going for a run later so I don't want to eat anything now. (修饰分句 I'm going for a run)

Personally, I don't like the plans. (修饰整个句子 I don't like the plan.)

***	***
time	I never get up early at the weekends.
manner	Walk across the road carefully!
place	When we got there, the tickets had sold out.
degree	it's rather cold, isn't it?
frequency	I'm always losing my keys.

副词的位置

副词一般可以放在一个分句的前面，中间和后面。

放在句子前面指句子的第一个位置：

Suddenly I felt afraid.

Yesterday I ate a cake.

放在句子后面指句子的最后位置：

Why do you always have to eat so fast.

放在句子中间指主语和主动词之间：

You always do this.

当超过一个动词时，中间位置指在第一个助动词后面或一个情态动词后面：

The government has occasionally been forced to change its mind. (after the first auxiliary verb)

You can definitely never predict what will happen. (after a modal verb)

We mightn't ever have met. (after the modal verb and before the auxiliary verb)

在问句中，中间位置指在主语和主动词之间：

Do you ever think about living there?

副词通常出现在主be动词后面，当be动词被强调时，副词出现在动词前：

She's always late for everything.

Why should I have gone to see Madonna? I never was a fan of hers. (emphatic)

不同种类副词在不同位置：

type	position	example
方式(manner)	通常在最后；如果副词不是很重要或宾语太长，有时也放中间	She ate quickly. / She quickly ate her dinner and ran out.
地点(place)	通常放最后；有时放前面，特别是在写作时	Can you come over here? / We'll be at that table there. / Here she sat. / Outside, there was a small pond.
时间(time)	通常放最后；有时放在前面，特别是在我们想强度动词时	I'm flying to Shanghai tomorrow. / Today, I'm going to clean the house.
持续时间(duration)	通常放最后	I'm not staying long.
频率(frequency)	通常放中间；有时放前面；也可以放最后；ever和never通常不会在前面	We often have friends to stay. / I usually get up late on weenkends. / I could never swim fast. / Sometimes she wore a woollen hat. / We don't see them very often. / Not: Never I could swim fast
程度(degree)	really, very, quite通常在中间；a lot, a bit 通常在最后	I really like those pink flowers. / We go to Ireland a lot. / I'd just like to change things a bit.
重点(focusing)	通常在中间	He simply walked out without saying a word.
确定(certainty)	probably, possibly, certainly 通常在中间；maybe, perhaps通常在前面，或者在后面但要隔一个逗号	It'll probably rain. / Maybe Nick will know the answer. / Can I get you a drink, or something to eat, perhaps?
观点(viewpoint)	通常在句子外的前面；有时在中间，特别是正规写作时	Personally, I'd rather not go out. / This must, fankly, be the craziest idea anyone has ever had.
评估(evaluative)	通常在句子外的前面；有时在中间；在正规演讲时可以在最后	Unfortunately, I forgot my swimming costume so I had to sit on the side and watch. / We have stupidly forgotten the tickets. / They missed the bus, apparently.

方式(manner)、地点(place)、时间(time):

方式、地点、时间的副词通常放在后面，如果动词有宾语，副词在宾语后面：

He played brilliantly.

We made a decision quickly then left.

如果这三种副词有多于一种出现在句子中，通常按照这个顺序：1.方式 2.地点 3.时间

You start off slowly[1] in the beginning[3].

You start off in the beginning slowly.

James played brilliantly[1] in the match[2] on Saturday[3].

注意：这些副词不放在谓语和宾语之间：

She paly the piano really well.

She play really well the piano.

I don't watch TV very often.

评价(evaluative)、观点(viewpoint):

用来指明说话者或者作者态度或观点的副词通常放在句子前面，通常指整个句子：

Actually, I think the meeting is on Wednesday, not Thursday.

Obviously, we can not tell you the result but we can give you an indication.

here和There的位置:

如果主语是代词(it/he/she/you 等等)，主语直接放在here和there后面；如果主语是名词，主语直接放在动词后面：

Here she is.

Not: Here is she.

There it goes.

Not: There goes it.

Here comes the bus.

Not: Here the bus comes.

典型错误

首先，肯定要避免拼写错误。网上现在有很多查语法问题的软件或浏览器插件，非常方便。

副词用来描述频率时通常不会放在动词后面，通常放在中间位置：

He usually goes to the park after school.

Not: He goes usually to the park after school.

We hardly ever go to Shanghai.

Not: We go hardly ever to Shanghai.

副词用来描述时间时通常放在后面：

I will post the CDs to you tomorrow.

Not: I will post tomorrow the CDs to you.

通常不会把always, usually, never等放在句子或分句的开始：

She was always comparing herself to other people.

Not: Always she was comparing herself to other people.