Day3: 副词三

英语副词.jpg

常见的副词

1. even

通常使用even来指一些意想不到的，出乎意料额，不寻常的或极端的事情：

He didn't even have enough money to pay the rent.

You love me, even after the terrible things I've done?

even的位置

当even指代整个分句或句子的时候，通常把even放到中间位置（主语和主动词之间、情态动词后面、第一个助动词后面、be主动词后面）

You can take an online course now and you even do the test online.

I haven't even started making dinner.

There's even a dog.

也可以把even或not even放到分句或句子中我们需要强调的部分的前面：

Even a five-year-old can see that these figures don't add up.

They came in cars, in lorries, and even an aeroplane.

It's not usually too busy. Not even at weekends.

有时在不正式的说话中，会把even放到分句句子末尾。

even和比较级

even和比较级组合强调：

Since then they have become even bigger and richer, and their concerts even more popular.

even和also

两者都是副词，even用来增加一件意想不到或出乎意料的事的强调效果或更多信息，also用来增加一些新的信息，但没有强调这是意想不到或出乎意料的效果：

Human beings, we are told, will live for 150, even 200 years, by the end of the century.

She was a very beautiful girl. She was also very bright and excelled at everything she did.

even though和even if

even though的意思和although一样，通常拿来说明一些事不是我们期待的。even though比although更有强调性：

I think they're fantastic, even though they haven't won any games this season.

even if通常用来指明一些可能发生的意料之外的或极端的事件：

I'm still going to swimming in the sea even if it rains. (I don't expect rain but it is possible.)

I've got to get home even if it means flying the plane myself. (I've got to get home and I'll do anything to get there.)

even so

even so意味着尽管如此，和however，nevertheless有着相似的意思。通常在分句的前面位置，但也可以在末尾位置。经常在but后面。

Their holiday went well but, even so, they longed to be home again with the children.

You do need your seatbelt on. Put it on please. I know it's not very far, but even so. If we have an accident you'll need it.

I know you don't like her, but you should say hello to her even so.

2. Eventually

通常指“最后地”，特别是当一件事需要很长的时间、很多的努力或有很多的问题：

I looked everywhere for my keys, and eventually found them inside one of my shoes! (I found them after a long time and a lot of effort.)

注意：eventually没有perhaps / possibly / if possible的意思。其实记住eventually表示一件事需要时间、或很多努力等就好。

I asked the receptionist to change my room and give me a bigger one, and if possible, away from the traffic noise.

Not: ... and, eventually, away from the traffic noise .

我们使用finally或lastly，而不是eventually来指示一系列东西的最后一项：

Finally, I think that the best way of facing and dealing with situations like these, is , as I have mentioned, to be diplomatic, nice, patient, sensible and to show respect.

Not: Eventually, I think that the ...

3. Hardly

Hardly是一个有否定意思的副词。通常表示almost not at all或only just。可以放在中间位置，或在一个形容词或名词前面：

He wore a big hat that covered his head and you could hardly see his face. (you could only see a small part of his face)

It's hardly surprising that Leeds, England's third largest city, is now fast becoming a very popular UK holiday destination.

At first hardly a person in the audience moved, although some umbrellas were opened. But then the rain came down more heavily.

hardly any, hardly ever

经常把hardly放在any, anyone, anybody, anything 和 ever前，但不放在no, none, no one, nobody, nothing或never前面：

At first, hardly anyone came. (almost no one came)

Not: At first hardly no one came.

There was hardly anything to eat.

She lives in Scotland so we hardly ever see her now, but I like to keep in touch.

hardly at all

有时会把at all放在动词、形容词、名词后面，并且它在hardly的后面的位置，来起到强调效果：

I hardly slept at all last night.

hardly and very little, very few

hardly + any(thing)意思类似与very little或very few：

I hardly ate anything yesterday. (= I ate very little yesterday.)

She hardly buys any new clothes at all. (= She buys very few new clothes.)

在一些正规表达中，要表明一些事立即发生在其他事后面，使用hardly...when。并把hardly放在前面位置，倒置主语和动词：

Hardly had I arrived there when I was called back to the head office 100 miles away. (I arrived there and then I was immediately call back.)

4. Hopefully

hopefully副词的意思是wanting the answer to be yes：

Their father said they were not allowed to have a puppy until they were older but we saw them sitting hopefully outside the pet shop.

'Could you lend me $20?' he asked hopefully.

通常把hopefully放在前面位置来说明我们希望或愿意等。有时也别用作一个答案去回复：

Hopefully, the economic problems in the country will not get any worse.

A: Wil they win the match tonight? B: Hopefully.

5. Largely

Largely表示almost completely，几乎全部地、多半地：

The downturn in the economy in the 1970s was largely due to oil prices.

注意：largely没有enormously(极其地，非常), greatly(非常) 或 significantly(显著地)这些意思：

Traffic flows in the city centre have been greatly improved by the opening of the new ring road.

Not: ...have been largely improved...

不使用largely表示widely(范围广阔地)或by many people：

This issue has been widely debated in recent years.

Not: ... has been largely debated...

6. Likely and unlikely

likely和unlikely是形容词，通常用来表达未来的某件事可能会发生或不会发生，可以放在名词前面，或和be动词, seem, appear在一起：

What is the most likely outcome of the referendum?

It seems unlikely that inflation will fall below 3% this year.

我们可以在likely或unlikely后面跟一个动词不定式：

The economy is likely to recover slowly after the long recession.

Are you likely to want this cardboard box or shall I throw it out?

The weather seems unlikely to change over the next few days.

我们同样可以说not likely, 而不是unlikely：

Irvine's not likely to arrive before eight o'clock. She doesn't finish work till seven.

也可以在likely和unlikely后面跟带will的that从句。这种形式和加动词不定式比，不怎么常见：

It is likely that there will be a general election next year. (There is likely to be a general election next year.)

我们可以使用像very/quite/highly/extremely等副词和likely / unlikely组合来增强他们的意思：

The government is very likely to propose changes to the income tax system soon.

我们可以使用likely / unlikely和as ... as, more, (the) most, less, (the) least来比较事物之间的可能和不同：

Steve is as likely to get the job as Dora. They're both very well qualified.

People are more likely to take climate change seriously if they can understand the economic consequences for their own lives.

Kevin is (the) least likely to want to get married of all his friends.

likely是有副词意思的，和probably类似，经常出现在will和一个主动词之间：

The new regulations will likely result in many people losing their jobs.

注意：It's likely to不等同于It's easy to：

It's easy to forget to save your work on the computer.

Not: It's likely to forget ...

7. Surely

我们使用surely表达一种确定的程度。它不像definitely或certainly那么确定，当我们使用surely时我们希望听我们说话的人能够同意我们的观点：

Lisa will surely find a solution to the problem. (I want you to agree with me that Lisa will find a solution.)

Surely this is against the law. (I want you to agree with me that it is against the law.)

surely和certainly比较：

It's surely quicker if you have a computer. (I think that it is quicker if you have a computer and I want you to agree.)

It's certainly quicker if you have a computer. (I am certain that it is quicker if you have a computer.)

在否定句中，surely有表达意想不到，吃惊的意思：

Surely you're not going to take two weeks off work? (I am surprised that you're going to take two weeks off.)

Surely she's not interested in a job like that? (I am surprised that she is interested in a job like that.)

8. Too

too意味着more than enough时

too + 形容词或副词:

This coffee is too sweet.

Not: This coffee is too much sweet.

I can't sleep. It's too hot.

It happened too quickly, so I just didn't see it.

too + 形容词或副词 + 动词不定式：

The water was too cold to swim in.

Two hours is too long to wait.

当我们谈论数量时，用too much / too many / too few / too little + 名词：

There's too much salt in this soup. (too much + 不可数名词)

There were too many dogs on the beach. (too many + 可数名词)

I don't like this book because there are too few pictures in it. (too few + 可数名词)

The trip was cancelled because there was too little interest in it. (too little + 不可数名词)

我们可以使用much / far + too来强调，far too更强烈些。

too/very+形容词或副词强调时，意思不太一样：

She is very careful. (very makes careful stronger.)

She is too careful. (too careful meas 'more careful than is necessary'.)

我们应该使用very much而不是too much来强调一些例如like, dislike, hope, doubt等一些动词：

I like it very much because I got it from my husband.

Not: I like it too much...

I doubt very much that Ronan will be able to come to the party.

Not: I doubt too much that ...

在口语中，我们可以使用too bad或that's too bad来表示听到某件事感到不好等，特别在美式口语中：

A: The weather forecast says it's going to rain again on Wednesday.

B: Too bad. We were planning to go for a picnic.

A: How's your mother?

B: She's okay but she's felling lonely because she lives on her own now.

A: That's too bad. Does she have many friends living nearby?

too意味着also时

在非正式情况下，我们通常在句子结尾使用too来表示也：

A: I think I'll have the soup.

B: I'll have that too.

在非正式简短的回答时，我们使用me too，而不是I too：

A: I love that color.

B: Me too.

在很正式场合情况下，我们使用too紧跟主语：

You too could have a week in the sun.

9. Ultimately

ultimately用来表示最终地：

Ultimately, I'd like to go to university, but before that I wnat to get some work experience and travel a bit.

We came to the conclusion ultimately that political demonstratinos were a waste of time.

ultimately没有recently的意思：

Recently, the price of shares in the company has dropped.

Not: Ultimately, the price of shares ...