谓语
一、谓语的成分?(词性的问题)
什么词做谓语?——有时态和语态的实义动词或系动词充当谓语。
① Dayan must very gorgeous.(gorgeous 美丽的,优雅的)(实义动词或系动词)
must 情态动词不能做谓语
应该是:Dayan must be very gorgeous.
② My mother love me so much.(时态)
love 没有时态
应该是 My mother loves me so much.
思考一下:
动词只要具备了时态就一定是谓语了,是吗?
前面正在盖房呢!(语态)
错误:The front is building the house.
正确:The house is being built in front.
小试牛刀:
这幅画是在1921年通过遗赠获得的。
【翻译】The picture was acquired by bequest in 1921.
2008年的奥运会在北京举行。
翻译:The 2008 Olympic Games were held in Beijing.
解析:奥运会是不会自己举行的,所以是“被举行”。
总结:谓语就是具有时态和语态的实义动词(词组)或者系动词。
二、一句话中能否出现两个或两个以上的动词或动词短语?
① Do nothing is my habit. (无所事事是我的习惯)
② I enjoy sleep.(我喜欢睡)
③ My dream is pass postgraduate examination.(我的梦想是通过研究生考试)
★谓语只能是动词;动词只能做谓语;
★那些不能作谓语的动词(词组)怎么办?
答:变成不是动词,也就是非动词结构,也就是传说中的“非谓语动词”。
把一个动词(词组)变成非动词结构,方法有:
1)动词变为动名词(多在其后加 -ing ,变为 V.-ing),起名词作用;
2)动词变为现在分词(多在其后加 -ing,变为 V.-ing),表示主动或进行(主动居多);
3)动词变为过去分词(多在其后加 -ed,变为 V.-ed),表示被动或完成(被动居多);
4)动词变为不定式,(前面加 to,变为 to do),表示目的或将来(目的居多)。
回头看:
① Doing nothing is my habit.(无所事事是我的习惯)
Doing nothing is my habit. Do 加了-ing就不是动词了,只能叫动名词做主语。
② I enjoy sleeping.(我喜欢睡)
I enjoy sleeping. sleep加了-ing 就不是动词了,只能叫动名词作宾语。
③ My dream is to pass postgraduate examination.(我的梦想是通过研究生考试)
My dream is to pass postgraduate examination. 加了to叫动词不定式作表语。
★非谓语在句子的成分:
①做主语:
It is no exaggeration to say that health is to people what perfume is to flowers.
可以毫不夸张地说,健康对于人正如同香味对于花儿一样。
②作表语:
Her job is to teach English.
她的工作是教英语。
Her dream is to become a rich lady.
她的梦想是成为一名有钱人。
③作宾语:
Frank enjoys playing basketball with his friends.
他很喜欢跟朋友一起打篮球。
Frank hopes to travel round the world.
他梦想患有世界。
④作定语:
I have a meeting to attend.
我有一个会议要出席。
Children have nothing to worry about.
孩子们无忧无虑
⑤作状语:
She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.
她卖掉了自己的头发来买那条项链。
Though raining heavily , it cheared up very soon.
虽然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了。
⑥作补语:
I wish you to be happy.
我希望你幸福。
I saw her chatting with a handsome boy.
我看到她在和一位帅哥聊天。
⑦作同位语:
Soon came the order to start the general attack.
很快下达了发起总攻的命令。
★自己在写英文句子的时候,如果一句话有多个动词,选哪个动词作谓语呢?
答案是:句子主要想表达哪个动作,就留哪个动作作谓语,意思不重要的动词变成非谓语动词,一般是跟着主语后面的就是主要动作,剩下的都变成非谓语(动词)。
举例:
① 听到这个消息,她开心地跳了起来。
【翻译】Hearing the news , she jumped with joy. (with joy介词短语作状语 = happly 副词做状语)
② 大雁推开门走了进去,看到学生们都坐在椅子上。
【翻译】Dayan pushed the door open , walking into the room and seeing students sitting on the chairs.
【解析】写英文句子时一般按照主谓宾的顺序写。根据该句意思我们知道动作发生在过去,所以谓语动词用过去式 pushed。当然如果你实在分不清哪个动作更重要,也可以选择你认为更重要的那个动作作谓语。
小试牛刀:
① 圣诞节来了,春季就不远了。
【翻译】Chrismas approaching , Spring Festival will be around the corner.
独立主格:每句话写完都应该点一个句号,但如果把两句话(或多句)写成了一句话,在两句话(或多句)中间点一个逗号,意思重要的动词存在,意思不重要的动词变成非谓语动词。
I loveing you , I will treat you.
Loveing you , I will treat you.
Loveing you 意思不重要的,已经不是句子了,跟后面的主语一致,可以省略主语。
独立主格和非谓语是一回事,区别是独立主格主语不一致,不能省略;非谓语的主语一致,可以省略。
② 大学时间都用来谈恋爱了是我最大的损失。
【翻译】Spending college in love is my biggest loss.或 It is my biggest loss to spend college in love.
Spending college in love:动名词做主语放在句首;
to spend college in love:动词不定式作主语放在句末,加 It 作为形式主语。
③ 面试取消了,这群大学生都郁闷地回家了。
【翻译】The interview was canceled , the group of college students went home depressingly.对吗?
应该是:The interview canceled , the group of college students went home depressingly.
因为面试是被取消,所以加-ed , 不用 was
④ 大雁在机场为男朋友送别,眼看着他越走越远,泪流满面。
【翻译】Dayan saw her boyfiend off at the airport , watching his figure move away and shedding puddles of tears.
saw sb. off 为某人送行
watch sb. do sth. 看着某人做某事,固定搭配,所以move不用加-ing
⑤ 明朝统治中国276年,被人们描绘成人类历史上治理有序、社会稳定的最伟大的时代之一。
翻译:The Ming Dynasty had ruled China for 276 years , depicted as the greatest era in human history for its ordered and stable society.
⑥唐代,灯笼在很多地方流行起来,它象征着生活美满,生意兴隆。
翻译:Lanterns became popular in many places in the Tang Dynasty , symbolizing a happy life and prosperous business.
Lantern 可数名词永远不能单独使用,要么加 a ,要么加 the ,要么加 -s
小结:
一句话当中只能有一个动词,并且充当谓语,其它的动词都要变成非谓语动词。
三、一句话能否没有动词呢?
绝对不能,当一句话需要动词而又没有动词的时候,永远都加 be 动词,并且 be 动词没有意思。
① 铁锤在家呢!
Tiechui is at home!
② 这个富商的妻子很年轻。
The businessman's wife is young.
③ 幸福像花儿一样。
Happiness is like a flower .(like 是介词)
④ 我一定要超越你。
I must be beyond you. (beyond 是介词)
谓语的小结:
一句话当中有且只能有一个有时态和语态的实义动词或系动词的存在,并且充当谓语;
其它的动词都要变成非谓语动词;没有动词永远都加 be 动词,并且 be 动词没有意思。
四、动词的分类
1、 实义动词
实义动词是表示具体动作的词。
常见的分类:及物动词和不及物动词:
及物动词:后面直接加宾语,并且必须加宾语。
accept the idea , buy a book.
不及物动词:后面不能直接加宾语,必须要加介词以后才能加宾语。(不及物动词后面也可以不加宾语)
I agree with you .
如何区分:需要见过单词的用法。(对于应试其实不用了解太多,90%的单词都是可以及物也可以不及物,加介词时介词没有意思,不用翻译,所以只需要知道是动词就可以了,及物不及物不是很需要知道太多。)
2、 连系动词
表示状态:be 动词(连接主语和表语,无意义,用于构成句子)
表示感官:look , sound ,taste ,smell ,fell (提醒:感官动词后只能加形容词)。
表示变化:grow , fall , turn , get , become
表示保持:stand , keep , stay , remain
表示表象:seem , appear
表示结果:prove
3、情态动词
表达说话人主观态度的单词,就是情态动词。
I cook every day.
I have to cook every day.
情态动词总结:
表推测
可能性 must >can>could>may>might
情态动词---表示对现在的推测:情态动词+v 原型
he must be a rich man.
情态动词---表示对过去的推测:情态动词 + have done(四个搭配如下)
① must have done:一定做过某事
Tiedan must have been self-abased in the university.
② needn't have done:本没必要做某事,但是做了
You needn't have shown your love in this way.
③ could have done:本能够做某事,但没有做
I could have become an excellent poet.
④ should have done:本应该做某事,但没有做
They should have got married with a good chance.
4、助动词
助动词就是帮助谓语动词一起构成否定、疑问、时态、语态等的词。
Do you know Lisa well?(构成疑问)
Don't you understand what I am saying.(构成否定)
I do know Lisa well?(构成强调)
The work has been finished.
has 构成时态,been 构成被动(语态),finished 是谓语核心词。可以说它们三个共同作谓语,也可以说finished是谓语核心词,前两个是助动词。
(所以谓语就是有时态和语态的实义动词或系动词,它们共同构成谓语。)
助动词的分类及用法
①、be
助动词 be 主要用来——构成进行时和被动语态。
I am studying in American now.
我现在在美国上学。
An increasing number of people are taking part-time jobs.
越来越多的人在做兼职。
②、do
do 的各种形式 did does 以及否定形式 don't / didn't / doesn't 主要用来——构成否定句、疑问句。
Do you know Lisa well?
Don't you understand what I am saying?
你不明白我现在在说什么吗?
Did Tiechui visit you yesterday?
铁锤昨天来找你了吗?
③、have
have 的各种形式 has had 否定 hasn't / hadn't 主要用来——帮助构成完成时。
We haven't finished our work yet.
我们还没完成工作。
We will have finished our work by next week.
我们下周为止会完成所有工作。
④、will / would
will / would 作助动词后面+动词原型——帮助构成将来时。
I will arrive in Beijing at five o'clock.
我将会在五点到达北京。
How long will you be staying in Beijing?
你将在北京待多久?
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