>> The Science Book 

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Day1: Vocabulary

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【图例注释】

[→]  Day1笔记

[ △ ]  Day2笔记

△ Science is an ongoing search for truth - a perpetual struggle to discover how the Universe works that goes back to the earliest civilizations. 

→ Although this is mistaken, no one doubted it until  the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei disproved the idea in 1590. While it may seem obvious today that a good scientist must rely on empirical evidence, this was not always apparent. 

astronomer: a person who is skilled in astronomy or who makes observations of celestial phenomena

(celestial: of or relating to the sky)

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astronomy: the scientific study of the individual celestial bodies (excluding the earth) and of the universe as a whole. Its various branches include astrometry, astrodynamics, cosmology, and astrophysics) ↓

    - astrometry: the branch of astronomy concerned with the measurement of the position and motion of celestial bodies

    - astrodynamics: the study of the motion of natural and artificial bodies in space

    - cosmology: the branch of astronomy concerned with the evolution and structure of the universe  

        词根联想：cosmos (cosmo + logy)

    - astrophysics: the branch of physics concerned with the physical and chemical properties, origin, and evolution of the celestial bodies

disprove: to show (an assertion, claim, etc) to be incorrect 

e.g. There is not enough evidence in the letters to prove or disprove this hypothesis. 

[SYNONYMY NOTE] 

disprove implies the presenting of evidence or reasoned arguments that demonstrate an assertion, etc. to be false or erroneous; 

refute implies a more thorough assembly of evidence and a more careful development of argument, hence suggests conclusiveness of proof against; , 

confute suggests the overwhelming or silencing of a person by argument or proof; , 

controvert implies a disputing or denying of statements, arguments, etc. in an endeavor to refute them; , 

rebut stresses formality in refuting an argument, such as is observed in debate, court procedure, etc.

empirical: relying on experience or observation alone often without due regard for system and theory 

e.g.

①This sacred cosmology, moreover, was entirely subject to belief and imagination rather than direct empirical knowledge and reason.

②This is not only a matter of empirical observation but of internal logic.

→ If it seems to be true, then the results may be sent out for peer review, in which people working in the same or a similar field are invited to pick holes in argument, and so falsify the theory, or to repeat the experiment to make sure that the results are correct. 

falsify:

1. to prove or declare false : disprove

e.g. The scientific method cannot establish truths; it can only falsify hypotheses.

2. to make false: such as 

        a : to make false by mutilation or addition

        b : to represent falsely : misrepresent   

e.g. 

    ①Two care home workers who lied to police and falsified medical records after an elderly dementia patient died in agony on their watch have been jailed. 

    ② He falsified computer records to cover his tracks but was caught by an internal audit. 

    ③He was caught falsifying financial accounts.  (→联想：manipulate financial statement)

→ English astronomer Edmond Halley, observing the comet of 1682, realized that it was similar to comets reported in 1531 and 1607, and suggested that all three were the same object, in orbit round the Sun. 

comet

comet: a celestial body that travels around the sun, usually in a highly elliptical orbit: thought to consist of a solid frozen nucleus part of which vaporizes on approaching the sun to form a gaseous luminous coma and a long luminous tail

(elliptical: a closed conic section shaped like a flattened circle and formed by an inclined plane that does not cut the base of the cone. Standard equation x2/a2 + y2/b2 = 1, where 2a and 2b are the lengths of the major and minor axes. Area: πab)   

    形近词: eclipse (见下部分)

(coma:  [astronomy] the luminous cloud surrounding the frozen solid nucleus in the head of a comet, formed by vaporization of part of the nucleus when the comet is close to the sun)

(necleus: the central portion in the head of a comet, consisting of small solid particles of ice and frozen gases, which vaporize on approaching the sun to form the coma and tail)

e.g. Halley's Comet is going to come back in 2061. 

orbit: [astronomy] the curved path, usually elliptical, followed by a planet, satellite, comet, etc, in its motion around another celestial body under the influence of gravitation

e.g. Like Earth, it orbits a sun at the right distance to make life possible.

the Sun 注意首字母S大写，特指太阳系的中心天体，天文专业术语（之后的Halley's Comet，C也是大写，特指命名的comet）

→ Experiment may test a theory, or be purely speculative . When the New Zealand-born physicist Ernest Rutherford watched his students fire alpha particles at gold leaf in a search for deflections, he suggested putting the detector beside the source, and to their astonishment some of the alpha particles bounced back off the paper-thin foil. 

spectulative: involving, based on, or constituting intellectual speculation; also : theoretical rather than demonstrable

speculation: investment involving high risk but also the possibility of high profits

e.g.

1.  ①They are highly speculative and you should only invest what you can afford to lose.

     ②Much has been written about the urgent need for an overhaul of incentive schemes to encourage longterm sustainable performance rather than speculative short-term gains.

2.  The talks are speculative rather than substantive, for three reasons.

[Synonyms] theoratical, academic, academical 

[Antonyms] pratical, empirical 

玻色子

particle: [physics] a body with finite mass that can be treated as having negligible size, and internal structure

(negligible: so small, unimportant, etc, as to be not worth considering; insignificant)

deflection: the change in direction of a light beam as it crosses a boundary between two media with different refractive indexes

(refractive: [physics] the change in direction of a propagating wave, such as light or sound, in passing from one medium to another in which it has a different velocity)

[Synonyms] reflection,deviation(the amount of deviation caused by a deflection)

detector: any mechanical sensing device 

foil: metal in the form of very thin sheets

→ Over the centuries, long-held concepts such as a geocentric Universe, the four bodily humours, the fire-element phlogiston, and a mysterious medium called aether have all been disproved and replaced with new theories. 

geocentric: having the earth at its centre

e.g. The Ptolemaic system postulated a geocentric universe

    联想：heliocentric (helio + centric)   Word origin of 'helio-' : from Greek, from hēlios sun

phlogiston: [chemistry] a hypothetical substance formerly thought to be present in all combustible materials and to be released during burning

△ Discoveries may be made simultaneously by scientists working independently, but almost every advance depends on in some measure on previous work and theories. 

to some degree  |  to some extent  |  in some measure 用某种角度看

    Link>>与 day -1笔记中 in the sense 的感觉相似

→ Thales of Miletus predicted an eclipse of the Sun in 585 BCE. 

eclipse: the total or partial obscuring of reflected light from a celestial body as a result of its passage through the shadow of another. A lunar eclipse occurs when the moon passes through the shadow of the earth

    形近词: elliptical （见上部分）

(obscure: to cover or cloud over)

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△Day2: Mindmap 

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初始版本mindmap

对比安妮示范导图后的自我批注：

修改批注 加了一条联系线 + 最后三个node合并后的微调mindmap (ver. Annie)

修改理由 之 为什么要在“ways of science”和“scientific method”两个node间画上联系线？

i.e.“ways of science”和“scientific method”的逻辑关系 ↓

Annie: 科学研究的方法历史上有观察、推演和实验，但系统成型为the scientific method，包括了三个步骤：观察、理论和实验检验。Decarte把科学方法进行了一个形而上的归纳。在他归纳之前，观察、推演和实验是科学家们不同程度依赖的三个主要手段。那时候炼金术士还是在做实验的，数学家们多是观察一下太阳降落的角度、影子长度，然后推算推算之类的，但是随着科学本身的方法论的演进，人们渐渐认识到最好将这三种手段结合起来，反复论证。

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Day3: 回顾与总结

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关于Mindmap

>>问题与感悟

我整理mindmap时候的思路和安妮导图中呈现的思路基本一致：part1  science的concept与方法发展，part2  progression时间轴。在看到安妮的思维导图后，深感：“这就是这条思路最好的展示了！”

尽管思路大体一致，反观我在梳理时却遇到甚多磕绊，对比安妮的导图并思考后得出以下心得感悟：

△梳理导图的核心任务是抓住主题、逻辑线以及子主题，一个好的思维导图应做到：能让未读文章的读者，看到导图就明白文章有几个内容及其内在逻辑联系。

不止是这一次，一直以来自己每次梳理mindmap时遇到的磕绊，多是因无法割舍细节，“捡芝麻丢西瓜”，追求所谓“全面”而非框架的清晰完整。

>>Actionable Insight

在梳理主干时不纠缠于细枝末节，并时时问自己：这段的中心思想是什么？这些细节与段落大意的关系是什么，这些细节能否归并于追溯其上的某个论点？

(事实上这些安妮都在Day1推送以及Day2 FM中给予了贴心的提醒，或许有些事只有“意识到”并留心体会，才知道“原来是这个意思呀”。)

思考与体悟

这个部分，事实上并不能归属于Day3——“学习并思考”是我阅读的初衷，故而贯穿于这三天的始末，语言只是阅读过程中的自然收获（今天在安妮的读书笔记里看到了类似的观点，有点小激动XD）。我深知自身认识之浅薄，加之已远离自然科学学堂已然许久，不敢妄自谈论“科学的本质”、“自然科学与社会科学的区别”，而这篇取自The Science Book片段的文章也并未给我足够的信息去思考这样的问题。不过，这篇文章提供了一个较为清晰的“知识地图”，其可读性也足以唤醒我重新遨游自然科学的心，对于在这片领域的知识逐渐干涸的我而言，“小富即安” 。: p

读这篇文章时我的目光始终离不开那位只在文章开头出现的古希腊先贤亚里士多德——这位百科全书式的大家，一生的学术贡献，从力学、动物科学，至哲学、神学、教育学等，不可不谓“广而深”。曾经拜读些许哲学书籍，就对那个时期的大家心生敬仰，其思辩的精妙之处更是可“意会不可言传”。受其影响，在我的认知体系中，探索真理需要细致的观察，并思辩事物的本质——如果我们从未“观察到”，如何谈本质？这次在阅读更是从另一个角度认识了这位古希腊大家。古希腊的科学家们更多依靠对事物细致的观察，进而思辩、推演，极少用到实验的他们竟也有了不少朴素的科学发现，我深感这其中的困难，但他们做到了，而且做得非常出色，这是令我最叹服的。

文章先谈论了科学及科学方法的发展，再梳理科学发展历史时间轴。我们能从这条时间轴中看到各个学科的不断探索及其理论承上启下的发展（like a“chain”）。从我的浅薄认知来看，发展链条上的每一个链接环扣，都是一次艰难的“斗争”。曾有人将近代科学中的三次发现——哥白尼的“日心说”、达尔文的“进化论”、弗洛伊德的人的“性本能”说——喻为“对人类自尊心的三次重大打击”：哥白尼提出日心说，推翻了之前的“地心说”，让人类意识到自己所处的地球并非宇宙的中心，地球也只不过是宇宙中环绕着太阳在轨道上运行的一颗行星；达尔文论证了人类也并非上帝的子民，只是由低等生物不断进化而成的生物；弗洛伊德论证，人类行为主要由本能与潜意识驱动，并非纯粹理性的生物。现在人们常说“三观易碎”，但我认为其实最难“击碎”的就是三观，如果要达到“击碎”的程度，那莫过于此了：从居于宇宙中心、受到上帝庇佑并具有智慧的高等生物，到自然、宇宙中的普通一隅，这其中的心里落差之大我们大概是很难想象的。

当我们生活中习以为常的事物突然间崩塌，有人突然跳出来告诉你“嘿，你可能在一个假的世界活着”，还妄图把你拖到另一个他所认为“真实”、而你所认为无比“荒谬”的世界里，可能你也会抽他一个大耳刮子，再指着他鼻子骂“脑子瓦塔啦”。或许也是因为有着类似的心理体验，我对这样的改变心存敬畏。到这里，我回想起曾经观看过的两部电影《海上钢琴师》和《楚门的世界》，更加理解1900留在船上的选择，也无比敬佩楚门推开通往陌生但真实世界的大门的勇气。

百度百科《楚门的世界》

每本书都是我们观察世界的一扇窗，在语言之外更重要的，是我们看到这个世界，并选择该如何走下去。

鲸鱼

2017.03.01