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Python基础-23枚举

Python基础-23枚举

作者: Surpassme | 来源:发表于2022-07-31 23:51 被阅读0次

    23 枚举

        枚举是一组符号名称(枚举成员)的集合,枚举成员应该是唯一的、不可变的。

    23.1 使用普通类实现枚举类

    class basicWeek():
        SUN=0
        MON=1
        TUE=2
        WED=3
        THU=4
        FRI=5
        SAT=6
    
    # 获取值
    print(basicWeek.SUN) # 0
    

        虽然这样也可以实现,但不严谨,也不安全,原因如下所示:

    • 枚举类中,不允许存在相同的枚举项(类变量)
    • 不允许在类外面直接修改枚举项的值
    class basicWeek():
        SUN=0
        MON=1
        TUE=2
        WED=3
        THU=4
        FRI=5
        SAT=6
        SUN=7 # 这里会覆盖前面已经定义的值
    
    # 获取值
    print(basicWeek.SUN) # 7
    # 在外面修改值
    basicWeek.SUN=99
    # 再次获取的值为修改后的值
    print(basicWeek.SUN) # 99
    

        为了解决这种问题,我们引入枚举类

    23.2 枚举类

        在Python中使用枚举类,可以引入内置模块Enum,如下所示:

    from enum import Enum
    
    class EnumWeek(Enum):
        SUN = 0
        MON=1
        TUE=2
        WED=3
        THU=4
        FRI=5
        SAT=6
    
    print(EnumWeek.SUN) # EnumWeek.SUN
    print(type(EnumWeek.SUN)) # <enum 'EnumWeek'>
    print(EnumWeek.SUN.value) # 0
    print(EnumWeek(5)) # EnumWeek.FRI
    print(type(EnumWeek.SUN.value)) # <class 'int'>
    print(EnumWeek.SUN.value == 0) # True
    print(EnumWeek.SUN == EnumWeek2.SUN) # False
    print(EnumWeek.SUN == EnumWeek.SUN) # True
    print(EnumWeek.SUN is EnumWeek2.SUN) # False
    print(EnumWeek.SUN is EnumWeek.SUN) # True
    

        使用枚举类注意事项如下所示:

    • 枚举类不能用来实例化对象
    • 访问枚举类中的项,直接使用类名.访问项,如EnumWeek.SUN
    • 枚举类中定义的key=value,在类外部不允许修改
    • 枚举类可以用来==、is来进行比较
    • 枚举类允许有多个名称作为某个相同值的别名
    from enum import Enum
    
    class EnumWeek(Enum):
        SUN = 0
        MON=1
        TUE=2
        WED=3
        THU=4
        FRI=5
        SAT=0
    
    print(EnumWeek.SAT) # EnumWeek.SUN
    
    • 如果不允许枚举类出现相同值的时,可以使用装饰器@unique
    from enum import Enum,unique
    
    @unique
    class EnumWeek(Enum):
        SUN = 0
        MON=1
        TUE=2
        WED=3
        THU=4
        FRI=5
        SAT=0
    

        输出结果如下所示:

    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "C:\Users\admin\Documents\PyCharmProjects\MyPythonProjects\LearningCode\LearningEnum.py", line 4, in <module>
        class EnumWeek(Enum):
      File "D:\Program Files\Python\lib\enum.py", line 1013, in unique
        raise ValueError('duplicate values found in %r: %s' %
    ValueError: duplicate values found in <enum 'EnumWeek'>: SAT -> SUN
    
    • 使用自动设定的值
    from enum import Enum,unique,auto
    
    @unique
    class EnumWeek(Enum):
        SUN = auto()
        MON=auto()
        TUE=auto()
        WED=auto()
        THU=auto()
        FRI=auto()
        SAT=auto()
    
    print(EnumWeek.SAT.value) # 7
    print(EnumWeek.WED.value) # 4
    
    • 枚举类是允许迭代的
    from enum import Enum,unique,auto
    
    @unique
    class EnumWeek(Enum):
        SUN = auto()
        MON=auto()
        TUE=auto()
        WED=auto()
        THU=auto()
        FRI=auto()
        SAT=auto()
    
    for week in EnumWeek:
        print(f"week is {week}:{week.value}")
    

        输出结果如下所示:

    week is EnumWeek.SUN:1
    week is EnumWeek.MON:2
    week is EnumWeek.TUE:3
    week is EnumWeek.WED:4
    week is EnumWeek.THU:5
    week is EnumWeek.FRI:6
    week is EnumWeek.SAT:7
    

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