(What Logic Is)
Logicis the study of the methods and principles used to distinguish correct fromincorrect reasoning.
《逻辑学导论》
推理，逻辑学指思维的基本形式之一，是由一个或几个已知的判断（前提）推出新判断（结论）的过程，有直接推理、间接推理等。
推理 (英语：Reasoning)是“使用理智从某些前提(Premises)产生 结论”的行动。
论证就是用一个或一些真实的命题确定另一命题真实性的思维形式。
王小海
（HOW）
When we reason about any matter, weproduce arguments to support ourconclusions. Our arguments include reasons that we thinkjustify our beliefs.However, not all reasons are good reasons.Therefore we may always ask, when weconfront an argument:
Does the conclusion reachedfollowfrom thepremises assumed?To answer this question there areobjective criteria; in the study oflogic we seek to discover andapply those criteria.
《逻辑学导论》
(WHY)
Reasoning is not the only way in which people support assertions theymake or accept. They mayappeal to authorityorto emotion, which can be very persuasive, or they may rely, without reflection, simply on habits.
However,when someone wants to make judgments that can be completely relied upon,their onlysolid foundationwill be correct reasoning.Using the methods andtechniques of logic—one can distinguish reliably between sound and faulty reasoning.
《逻辑学导论》
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推荐学习：
《逻辑学导论》中英文版
《牛津大学开放课程：批判性推理入门》
《批判性思维工具》
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