公众号：英语沙塔
本文节选自《经济学人》2019.01.12期，China版块中的一篇关于HIV的报道。
建议大家先自主阅读原文，再学习精读笔记。本文一共八段，可以一次阅读四段，分两次阅读。读完笔记后，回头再读原文段落，测试自己是否能够流畅阅读，把握文章脉络。
这次文章中介绍了很多数字分析的单词与句型，可以模仿学习，文末会总结此次学习写作可以使用的词句，读者也可自己总结。
我会定期将内容进行总结，做成word分享，希望大家也能坚持学习
Detecting AIDS
1
Wang Xiaoshuai, a gay man in the central city of Hefei, used to believe that only people who injected drugs could contract HIV. But then a man he had sex with revealed that he had tested HIV-positive. Mr Wang visited a local NGO and took a pinprick test to determine whether he, too, was infected. Happily, he was not. But the experience was terrifying. “It never occurred to me that someone around me could actually get HIV,” he says.
believe (that)：认定，to have the opinion that sth is right or true。一词多意
detect：检测，可以与疾病搭配detect AIDS，另外还有diagnose AIDS诊断疾病【医学类话题】
contract：
名词为合约，作动词contract sth：感染 contract a virus；contract a disease感染病毒；疾病
顺带可以记忆contagious 易感染的。the virus is highly contagious 这个病毒感染性极强
类似意思的词如catch，意为得病，染疾，比如I caught this cold from you. 是你把感冒传给我的【医学类话题】
visit：造访，去到，不要一直用go to a place
pinprick test：针刺测验
It never occurred to me that……：我从未想过……
王晓帅是一个生活于合肥中部城市的男同性恋者，过去他一直认定人们只有通过注射毒品才会感染HIV，但后来，一个男性与他发生性关系，并使他检测HIV抗体结果呈现阳性。王先生去到一个非政府组织，并做了一个针刺测验以确定他是否也感染了HIV。幸运的是，他并没有感染。但这个经历也让他胆战心惊：“我从未想过我身边有人会得艾滋”（注：存在HIV抗体阳性，但抗原阴性的人，并不是HIV感染者。可能是检测抗体时检测蛋白不同，或者当时使用了某些药物引起）
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Many others are less fortunate. In November China’s Centre for Disease Control said that 850,000 people were known to be HIV-positive, 12% more than a year earlier and almost three times the number in 2010. An official study found that new cases of HIV among students aged between 15 and 24 rose by more than one-third every year in 2011-15, mostly as a result of gay sex.
were known to：sth were known to 某件事是被了解，知晓的，sth is known to me，我知道这件事；sth is known to be harmful，这件事是有害的
12% from a year earlier in (time：April月份)：与去年相比同期增长12% ，加上more than：more than 12% from a year earlier，同比增长超过12%【写作建议】
new cases rose by more than one-third every year：新病例每年增长超过1/3【写作建议】
很多其他人就没那么幸运了。11月，中国疾病预防和控制中心表示，85万人检测HIV阳性，同比增长超过12%，是2010年的3倍之多。一份官方研究发现，2011-2015年间，在15岁到24岁的学生之中，新发病例增长每年在1/3以上，主要为同性性行为所致。
3
The virus may not be spreading as fast as these figures suggest. The rapid increase is largely the result of better detection. Over the past decade the number of health facilities offering HIV tests has quadrupled. In 2016 Chinalaunched a five-year plan to combat HIV and AIDS. It increased funding to NGOs providing free self-testing kits to high-risk groups, such as gay men. It also gave NGOs money to provide HIV-positive people with free medicine. In 2015 nearly 70% of those diagnosed with HIV were receiving antiretroviral drugs. In 2017 just over 80% were.
largely：很大程度上
quadruple：变成四倍； triple：变成三倍； double：变成两倍
launch：launch sth，发起某个活动，计划。
combat：防止或减轻；与……战斗。 combat his enemy 与敌人战斗；combat crime/disease 打击犯罪/防止疾病（stop sth from getting worse）
just over：刚刚超过，稍稍超过。这里不是“只超过”的意思，不然上下文语意不同【写作建议】
HIV或许并没有像这一系列数字所显示的那样传播的如此之快，很大程度上是检测手段优化的结果。在过去十年中，提供HIV检测的健康机构是过去的四倍。在2016年，中国发起一项五年计划来减轻艾滋在我国的发展，为非政府组织增加资金，给那些高危人群提供免费的自检工具，如男同性恋，并给那些HIV检测阳性的患者提供免费的药物。2015年，几乎70%被诊断带有HIV病毒的患者接受了抗逆转录病毒药物的治疗。2017年接受治疗的患者占比稍稍超过80%
4
Most people in China are infected through heterosexual activity. Sex between men has also become a big contributor, resulting in about one-quarter of transmissions (see chart). The proportion of sexually active gay men infected with HIV is now much higher than that of female sex workers. Social media have made it easier for gay men to find casual partners. The country has the world’s largest gay social-networking app, Blued. On January 6th the service said it was suspending registrations for one week after a Chinese magazine reported that boys under 18 had contracted HIV through encountersfacilitated by the app(Blued says it will step up enforcement of measures to prevent minors from joining).
result in：导致。
the proportion of A is higher/lower than that of B：A的比例比B的比例高/低 than that of：这里的that指代the proportion，避免重复【写作建议】理解than在此处的含义
casual：随意的，也有临时的意思
suspending registrations：suspend，暂停用户注册
facilitated by：to make it possible or easier，这里可以理解为APP为交友提供的便利
step up：加强
大多数中国的HIV患者感染方式为异性性行为，男性性行为也是重要原因，导致了约1/4的传播数量（见图表）。现在，性生活活跃的男同性恋者携带HIV的比例比女性性工作者的数量高出很多。社交媒体让男同更容易找到临时伴侣，国内有世界上最大的同性社交APP：Blued。1月6日，服务端表示，APP正暂停注册，因报道称未满18岁的男孩在与APP提供的配对对象接触后感染HIV（Blued服务端表示会加强监管措施的执行，防止未成年人进入）
5
But social media can also spread awareness of HIV. Blued has added a red ribbon icon to its platform, clicking on which offers information about HIV services. NGOs also use WeChat, a messaging app, to urge people, gay and straight, to get tested. Such tactics may be helping: 200m tests were performed in 2017, up 38% from 2015.
awareness of：……的认识，认知
urge：督促，催促，鼓励 urge sb to do sth
up 38% from 2015：与2015年相比上升38%【写作建议】
不过，社交媒体也可以传播对HIV的认识，Blued已经在平台上添加了红丝带图标，点击后可以提供HIV服务的消息。非政府组织也使用微信，鼓励人们去接受检测，无论是同性恋者还是非同性恋。这些策略十分有效：2017年总检测数达到20亿次，比2015年高出38%。
6
Encouraging people to come forward is still difficult, however. The government reckons that 400,000 people may have the virus but not know it, ie, less than 70% of cases appear to have been detected. UNAIDS believes that less than half of gay men carrying HIV in China are aware of it. Discrimination may bedeterring some from being screened. A survey of 2,000 people with HIV found that 12% had been refused medical treatment and 15% had been denied work,presumably because of prejudice.
deter from：= stop from；prevent from 阻止【写作建议】可替换
screen：检查疾病，screen sb for sth，筛查，检查，men over 55 should be regularly screened for prostate cancer55岁以上的男性应定期做前列腺癌检查。【写作建议】可以与题目detect AIDS中的detect进行互换，都可用于筛查检查疾病
presumably：大概，猜测起来
鼓励人们站出来仍然十分困难，不过，政府估计40万人可能携带有艾滋病毒但并不知道，即似乎少于70%的病例已被成功检测。联合国艾滋病规划署认为中国有低于一半的HIV感染同性恋者知道自己携带有HIV病毒。人们对同性恋的歧视可能阻止这些病例的发现。据一份关于2000例艾滋病患者的调查显示，12%的患者被拒绝治疗，15%的患者失去了工作，大致都是因为偏见所致。
7
Officials’ efforts to make free testing available outside the public health system suggest they are aware of the problem. Those tested at state hospitalstypically have to pay 60-100 yuan ($9-15). ZhengHuang, who manages an HIV-related NGO in Shanghai, says gay people like to use its testing services not only because they are free, but because most of the staff are gay.
Typically：常常
政府努力使HIV免费检测在公共健康体系外得以获取，表明他们已经意识到了问题所在，那些在医院进行检测的患者常常需要花费60-100元。郑黄在上海管理着一家与HIV相关的非政府组织，说到同性恋者喜欢使用他管理机构提供的服务，不仅仅是因为服务是免费的，也因为大多数工作人员也是同性恋
8
HIV prevalence is low in China compared with the West. The proportion of people believed to have the virus is only 0.09%. In Britain it is 0.15% and in America 0.34%. But the leading role of sex as a mode of transmission is common both to China and the West. Preventing infection rates from climbingin China will require shattering taboos and teaching young people about how to have safe sex.
prevalence：流行 the prevalence of HIV或HIV prevalence，形容词搭配用high 和low
as a mode of：作为一种方式
climbing：比率上升，比going up更加形象
shattering：shatter，破碎，粉碎，shattering形容词，响亮的，给人极大打击的，这里搭配taboos，意指设立严格的禁忌禁令，以限制疾病的传播。
HIV在中国的流行率和西方相比较低，被认为携带有病毒的只有0.09%，而英国和美国分别是0.15%和0.34%。但是性行为作为主要的传播方式，在中国和西方都很常见。为了防止HIV感染率再次爬升，中国需要严格的禁令，并教给年轻人安全性行为的知识
总结
疾病相关词汇：
contract：
名词为合约，作动词contract sth：感染 contract a virus；contract a disease感染病毒；疾病
顺带可以记忆contagious 易感染的。the virus is highly contagious 这个病毒感染性极强
类似意思的词如catch，意为得病，染疾，比如I caught this cold from you. 是你把感冒传给我的
screen：检查疾病，screen sb for sth，筛查，检查，men over 55 should be regularly screened for prostate cancer55岁以上的男性应定期做前列腺癌检查。可以与题目detect AIDS中的detect进行互换，都可用于筛查检查疾病
deter from：= stop from；prevent from 阻止
数字相关词句：
12% from a year earlier in (time：April月份)：与去年相比同期增长12% ，加上more than：more than 12% from a year earlier，同比增长超过12%
new cases rose by more than one-third every year：新病例每年增长超过1/3
just over：刚刚超过，稍稍超过。这里不是“只超过”的意思，不然上下文语意不同
the proportion of A is higher/lower than that of B：A的比例比B的比例高/低 than that of：这里的that指代the proportion，避免重复
up 38% from 2015：与2015年相比上升38%
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