Adaptive Reuse

适应性再利用

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Building often outlive their original purpose:adaptive reuse is the process of renovating old structures for new uses.Structures embody an enormous amount of energy that was expended to fabricate and assemble the materials used in construction.Adaptive reuse saves this energy and the resources that would otherwise be used in demolition, transportation, and new construction .From an economic and sustainability point of view, adaptive reuse provokes owners and architects to rethink the seemingly endless cycle of tearing down and rebuilding.

建筑的实际寿命往往比其最初的设计使用目的更长久：适应性再利用是将旧的结构翻新改造为新的用途的过程。建筑包含了的大量的能量，这些能量曾经被用于制造和组装建筑材料以形成结构体。适应性的再利用节省了这些能量和资源，否则将被用于拆除、运输工作和新的建筑。从经济和可持续发展的角度来看，适应性再利用促使业主和建筑师重新思考看似无休止的拆除和重建周期。

Along with brownfield reclamation ,adaptive reuse is a key strategy in land conservation that combats land consumption and the proliferation of sprawl. It is more efficient and environmentally responsible to redevelop older buildings within the city limits than to build new construction on greenfield sites.

随着污染土地（brownfield）复垦，适应性再利用是土地保护的一项关键战略，可以对抗土地消耗和蔓延的扩散。在城市范围内，以老建筑为基础重新开发比在未开发土地上建造新的建筑更有效和环保。

In New York City, the conversion of warehouses to highly desirable, trendy residential loft units was an early form of adaptive reuse.After the first oil embargo in the 1970s, adaptive reuse proponents advocated energy consciousness and historic preservation . One solution  to the crisis, they argued, was to use what was already built and improve on the thermal envelope of the building. Older masonry buildings were blessed with thermal mass, which was intrinsic to human comfort and could not be replaced by newer, lightweight structures.

在纽约，将仓库转换为非常理想和时尚的住宅单元是适应性再利用的早期形式。在20世纪70年代第一次石油禁运之后，适应性再利用的支持者提出能源自觉和历史保护。他们认为，危机的一个解决方案是使用已经建成的建筑并改善建筑的热围护结构。老的砖石建筑具有的热稳定性，这是人类舒适的内在因素，并不能被新的轻型结构所取代。

We presently seem to be in a period of excessiveness, arrogance ,and wastefulness. It is currently fashionable to claim that saving an older structure is not as cost-effective as building a new structure that incorporates technologically improved materials and techniques. This argument deceptively discounts the inherent energy and craft expended during the construction of the original structure.

我们现在似乎处于过度消费，傲慢和浪费的时代。目前流行的说法是，保留旧结构并不像采用经过技术改进之后材料和结构新建建筑那样具有成本效益。这一论点错误地低估了原始结构建造过程中所消耗的能量和工艺。

In 2005, the City of Los Angeles passed an adaptive reuse ordinance  to encourage residents and businesses to move downtown and rehabilitate older existing structures. The ordinance  expedited the review process for adaptive reuse projects, especially for conversions that included first-floor commercial uses. It exempted conversion projects from code restrictions and requirements such as floor area ratios, height, setbacks, residential density, parking, and loading spaces. Additionally, it allowed newly created mezzanine floor areas to be deducted from the floor-area-ratio calculation. These three incentives helped spur a flurry of building activity.

2005年，洛杉矶市通过了一项适应性再利用法令，鼓励居民和企业搬迁到市中心，并修复现有的老建筑加以利用。该条例加快了适应性再利用项目的审查进程，尤其是对于包含了一楼商业的功能转换。它免除了转换项目的指标限制和要求，比如建筑密度，建筑高度，setbacks，容积率，停车配置和装载空间。此外，它允许从容积率计算中扣除新创建的夹楼面积。这三项措施激励了一系列建筑活动的展开。

Adaptive reuse, infill construction, and brownfield development within city limits should take precedence over greenfield development. All urbanized areas should initiate creative legislation to encourage the adaptive reuse of their existing building inventory.

城市范围内的适应性再利用，填充施工和污染土地开发应优先于未开发土地开发。所有城市化地区都应启动创新立法，鼓励对现有存量建筑库进行适应性再利用。

在充分研究证明建筑物不能适应性再利用后，拆除建筑物才是最后的手段。 这座华丽的建筑物大大增色了华盛顿特区的天际线，宾夕法尼亚大道上的旧邮局大楼保留了下来，并作为零售店，餐厅和办公室重新使用。 巴塞罗那的一家水泥厂被改造为建筑事务所。在现有筒仓的外墙上增加窗户，并增加地板形成可居住的空间。 最令人兴奋的适应性再利用项目之一，是1973年建筑师里卡多·波菲尔将一家废弃的水泥厂改造成了他的办公室。从最初的三十个筒仓中，保留了八个，并改造成办公室，设计工作室，建模实验室，档案馆和图书馆。工厂内最大的空间被称为“大教堂”，并被改造为展览、讲座、音乐会以及与建筑师职业相关的一系列其他文化活动的场所。