所谓“不定”,就是“不确定”“ 不明确”的意思,所以不定代词就是指不明确表示代替某特定名词或形容词的代词, 如someone 意为“某人”,something 意为“某事”或“某物”,many 表示“许多人”或“许多物”, a few 表示“几个人”或“几个事物”,等等。
1、普通不定代词
★ some 与any
一般说来, some 用于肯定句中, any 用于否定句、疑问句和条件句中。如:
① 肯定句: He asked some questions. 他问了一些问题。
② 否定句: He didn't ask any questions. 他没有问任何问题。
③ 疑问句: Did he ask any questions? 他问了些问题没有?
但是,在表示请求、邀请或征求意见的句子中,希望对方的肯定回答,通常要用some 而不用any 。如:
① Shall I get some for you? 要我帮你拿些来吗?
② Since you have plenty of them, why not give her some?
既然你有那么多,为什么不给她一些呢?
any 有时也用于肯定句中,表示“任何”的意思。如:
Any of these may suit you. 这些中间的任何一个都可能适合你。
另外,汉语可说“任何⋯⋯都不”,但英语不能说any⋯not 。因为按英语习惯, any 总是要出现在否定词not 的后面,而不能出现在它的前面。如:
我想任何学生都回答不了这个问题。
正: I don't think any student can answer this question.
正: I think no student can answer this question.
误: I th ink any student can't answer this question.
第一句用的是not ⋯any,故正确;第二句用的是no,相当于not ⋯any,也正确;第三句用的是any⋯not ,就错了。
★ many 与much
两者意思相同,都表示“许多”,但用法不同, many 用于修饰或代替可数名词;而much 用于修饰或代替不可数名词。如:
① Many trees fell in the storm. 在暴风雨中许多树倒了。
② Much money has been wasted that way. 很多钱都这样浪费了。
★ few, a few 与little, a little
① He has few friends here,he feels lonely. 他这里没朋友,他感觉寂寞。
② There are a few eggs in the basket. 篮子里有几个鸡蛋。
③ There is little ink in my bottle,can you give me a little ink?
我的瓶子里没有墨水了,你能给我点儿墨水吗?
④ This book is a little more difficult than that one. 这本书比那本书难一点。
★ all 与both
all 指三者或三者以上的人或物,既可代替或修饰可数名词也可代替和修饰不可数名词。
both 指两个人或物,用来代替或修饰可数名词。
① Both of my parents like sports. 我的父母都喜欢运动。
② All of us should work hard. 我们都应努力工作.
★ either 与neither
either 意思是“两个中间的任何一个”; neither 意思是“两个都不”。
① He wrote to either of them. 他给他们中的一个人写了信.
② --Will you go there by bus or by car?
–Neither . I will go there by train.
你坐公车去还是坐轿车去?一个都不坐,我坐火车去。
★ another,the other
① the other 指两个人或物中的一个。
He has two daughters. One is a nurse, the other is a worker .
他有两个女儿,一个是护士,另一个是工人。
② another 指同类事物中的三者或三者以上的“另一个。
I have three daughters. One is a nurse, another is a teacher and another is a worker.
我有三个女儿。一个是护士,另一个是教师,还有一个是工人。
2、复合不定代词
复合不定代词指的是由some, any, every, no 后接thing, one, body 等构成的一类代词。
★ 这些复合不定代词只有名词的性质,可以作主语、宾语等。
I have something to tell you. 我有一些事情要告诉你们。
★ 复合不定代词如果有其它的形容词修饰,形容词必须后置。
Someone has just come to see you. 有个人刚刚来看你。
There's nothing wrong with the machine. 机器没有毛病。
★ 当句子的主语是指人的复合不定代词, 如everybody, nobody, anyone 等时, 其反义疑问句的主语通常用代词they; 当句子主语是指物的复合不定代词,如everthing, anything,something, nothing 等时,其反义疑问句的主语通常用代词it 。
Everybody is here, aren't they? Everything is ready, isn't it?
★ everyone 的意思等同于everybody, 只能指人; every one 既可指人也可指物。
I'd like everyone to be happy. 我希望人人都幸福。
I have kept every one of her letters. 我把她的每一封信都保存下来。
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