楔子:
如果数据是线性可分的,我们可以使用PCA经过线性变换,找出能够最大程度解释特征方差的特征量,但是如果数据是线性不可分的,也就是我们不能通过一条直线将二维特征数据分割开来,我们就要对特征变量做变换,将它映射到线性可分的范围内。
1、原理
kernelPCA直觉.PNG我们运用kernelPCA将原本的两个自变量转变成新的自变量,使原本线性不可分的数据变得线性可分。
2、逻辑回归分类模型
逻辑回归模型.PNG我们可以看出它对于高龄低资和低龄高资的用户是错分的,我们需要得到的是一条曲线,而不是直线。
3、运用kernelPCA后的逻辑回归模型
高斯核函数.PNGkernelPCA逻辑回归.PNG
测试集.PNG
代码:
# Kernel PCA
# Importing the libraries
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import pandas as pd
# Importing the dataset
dataset = pd.read_csv('Social_Network_Ads.csv')
X = dataset.iloc[:, [2, 3]].values
y = dataset.iloc[:, 4].values
# Splitting the dataset into the Training set and Test set
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size = 0.25, random_state = 0)
# Feature Scaling
from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler
sc = StandardScaler()
X_train = sc.fit_transform(X_train)
X_test = sc.transform(X_test)
# Applying Kernel PCA
from sklearn.decomposition import KernelPCA
kpca = KernelPCA(n_components = 2, kernel = 'rbf')
X_train = kpca.fit_transform(X_train)
X_test = kpca.transform(X_test)
# Fitting Logistic Regression to the Training set
from sklearn.linear_model import LogisticRegression
classifier = LogisticRegression(random_state = 0)
classifier.fit(X_train, y_train)
# Predicting the Test set results
y_pred = classifier.predict(X_test)
# Making the Confusion Matrix
from sklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix
cm = confusion_matrix(y_test, y_pred)
# Visualising the Training set results
from matplotlib.colors import ListedColormap
X_set, y_set = X_train, y_train
X1, X2 = np.meshgrid(np.arange(start = X_set[:, 0].min() - 1, stop = X_set[:, 0].max() + 1, step = 0.01),
np.arange(start = X_set[:, 1].min() - 1, stop = X_set[:, 1].max() + 1, step = 0.01))
plt.contourf(X1, X2, classifier.predict(np.array([X1.ravel(), X2.ravel()]).T).reshape(X1.shape),
alpha = 0.75, cmap = ListedColormap(('red', 'green')))
plt.xlim(X1.min(), X1.max())
plt.ylim(X2.min(), X2.max())
for i, j in enumerate(np.unique(y_set)):
plt.scatter(X_set[y_set == j, 0], X_set[y_set == j, 1],
c = ListedColormap(('red', 'green'))(i), label = j)
plt.title('Logistic Regression (Training set)')
plt.xlabel('Age')
plt.ylabel('Estimated Salary')
plt.legend()
plt.show()
# Visualising the Test set results
from matplotlib.colors import ListedColormap
X_set, y_set = X_test, y_test
X1, X2 = np.meshgrid(np.arange(start = X_set[:, 0].min() - 1, stop = X_set[:, 0].max() + 1, step = 0.01),
np.arange(start = X_set[:, 1].min() - 1, stop = X_set[:, 1].max() + 1, step = 0.01))
plt.contourf(X1, X2, classifier.predict(np.array([X1.ravel(), X2.ravel()]).T).reshape(X1.shape),
alpha = 0.75, cmap = ListedColormap(('red', 'green')))
plt.xlim(X1.min(), X1.max())
plt.ylim(X2.min(), X2.max())
for i, j in enumerate(np.unique(y_set)):
plt.scatter(X_set[y_set == j, 0], X_set[y_set == j, 1],
c = ListedColormap(('red', 'green'))(i), label = j)
plt.title('Logistic Regression (Test set)')
plt.xlabel('Age')
plt.ylabel('Estimated Salary')
plt.legend()
plt.show()
我们这里没有对于数据进行降维,所以不需要显示解释方差比,我们可以看出经过kernelPCA的处理后,我们这里选择的核函数是rgb,高斯核函数,得到的分类模型,虽然也有错分的现象,不过错分的对象都是散点图,不会像之前那么集中,也就是我们之前明显将某一类对象错分。
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