你是谁
Suppose someone asked, "Who are you?" it would be simple enough to respond with your name. but if the person wanted to know the whole story about who you are, it would be more difficult to answer. You'd obviously have to give the details of your height and age and weight. You'd also have to include all your sentiments and preferences, even the secret ones you'd never shared with anyone– your affection for you parents; your desire to please the crowd you associate with; your dislike of your older sister's husband; your allegiance to Bud weiser beer, the Ford Motor Company, the Denver Broncos, Calvin Klein jeans, and BruceSpringsteen.
如果有人问：你是谁，回答姓名是最简单的方式。但是如果这个人想要知道你所有的故事，那就比较难回答了。你显然不得不给出你身高、年龄、和体重的所有细节。你也不得不说出你的情感和喜好。甚至是你从未与他人分享的秘密。你对家人的热爱，你渴望愉悦的人群，你对姐夫的不喜欢，你对喜欢的啤酒、公司，牛仔和音乐的衷心。
Your attitude scouldn't be overlooked either – the impatience you have when an issue gets complex, your aversion to English courses, your rejection of communism, your fear of high places and dogs and speaking in public. The list would go on. To be complete, it would have to include all your characteristics – not only the physic cal but the emotional and intellectual as well.
当然也不能忽视你的态度。对一个日益复杂的问题失去耐心，对英语课程的反感。对交际、恐高、对狗、对公开场合演讲的恐惧。这个清淡还可以继续。但为了完整，它必须包括你所有的特征，不仅仅是身体方面，还包括情感和智力方面的。
To provide all that information would be quite a chore. But suppose the questioner was still curious, and now asked, "How did you get the way you are?" if your patience were not yet exhausted, chances are you'd answer something like this:"I'm that way because I choose to be, because I've considered other sentiments and preferences and attitudes and made my selection. The ones I chose fit my style and personality best." That answer is a natural enough one, and in part it's true. But in a larger sense it's not true. The impact of the world on all of us is much greater than we usually realize.
当然提供所有这些信息会非常的烦。但是，假如这个提问的人仍然好奇的问：你是如何变成现在这个样子的？你貌似还要回答一些这样的：我变成这样是因为我的选择，我选择了考虑其他情感，喜好，和态度以后作出的选择。我选择的这些符合我的风格和个性。这个回答很自然，而且在某部分是真实的。但是在更大的意义上，这不对。世界对所有我们的影响比我们多数人所意识到的远远大多了。
INFLUENCES ON IDENTITY
个体的影响
You are not only a member of a particular species,Homo sapiens, but you exist at a particular moment in the history of the species.
你不仅是一个特殊种类的一员，智人，而且你存在特定时刻的历史和空间中。
Being a young adult today is quite different from being a young adult thirty years ago ,and very different from being a young adult in 1500 or 10,000 B.C.
今天的成年人与30年前的成年人不同，与1500年前或 10000B.C.的成年人更不同，
The world's state of progress differs, and likewise its knowledge and beliefs and values.
世界的进步状况不同，其知识，信仰和价值观也是如此。
The opportunities for learning and working and relaxing are not the same. So people's daily thoughts and actions vary.
学习，工作和放松的机会是不一样的。所以人们的日常思想和行为各不相同。
Variations in place and circumstance also can make a difference.
变化的地方和环境也可以有所作为。
If you're from a large city, the odds are you look at many things differently from someone in the country.
如果你来自一个大城市，你很可能会看到很多不同于这个国家的人。
A person raised for eighteen years in New York City or Los Angeles who goes to college in a town of 3,000 will find the experience difficult.
一个在纽约市或洛杉矶长大十八年，在一个3000人的小镇上大学的人会发现这个经历很困难。
So will a person raised on an isolated farm. But probably for opposite reasons!
一个人在一个孤立的农场也会养起来。但可能出于相反的原因！
If you are an American sports enthusiast, you're probably interested in football, baseball, or basketball. But if you were Chinese, you'd be much more familiar with and excited about ping-pong, and if you were European, soccer. If your father is an automobile mechanic, you undoubtedly know more about cars than does the average person. If you mother is a teacher, you'll tend have a somewhat different perspective on school and teachers than do other students.
如果你是美国运动爱好者，你可能对足球，棒球或篮球感兴趣。但如果你是中国人，你会更加熟悉和兴奋于乒乓球，如果你是欧洲人，那么足球。如果你的父亲是汽车修理工，那么无疑你比一般人更了解汽车。如果你妈妈是老师，你对学校和老师的看法往往比其他学生有所不同。
In much the same way, all the details about your family very likely have some bearing on who you are.Their religion, race, national origin, political affiliation, economic level, attitudes towards one another, all have made some contribution to your identity.
同样，关于你的家庭的所有细节很可能与你是谁有关。他们的宗教，种族，民族血统，政治派别，经济水平，对彼此的态度等都对你的身份做出了一些贡献。
Of course, people may reject what they are taught at home. People between the ages of eighteen and twenty-one often have sharp and apparently permanent differences with their parents in terms of beliefs and values on many issues. Still, whether you accept or reject what you are taught, your present position grows out of those teachings. It is a response to your upbringing. Given different parents with a different culture and different values – growing up, say, in Istanbul rather than Dubuque – your response would necessarily be different. You would, in that sense, not be the same person.
当然，人们可能会拒绝他们在家被教的东西。十八岁到二十一岁之间的人在许多问题上的信仰和价值观方面与父母常常有明显的差异。不管你接受还是拒绝接受你被教导的，你现在的位置都是从这些教导中长出来的。这是对你的教养的回应。考虑到不同文化和不同价值观的不同父母 - 比如在伊斯坦布尔而不是迪比克 - 成长起来，你的回应必然会有所不同。从这个意义上说，你不会是同一个人。
THE ROLE OF MASS CULTURE
大众文化的影响
In centuries past, the influence of family and teachers was the dominant, and sometimes the only, influence on children. Today, however, the influence exerted by mass culture (but broadcast media, newspapers, magazines and popular music) is often greater.
在过去的几个世纪里，家庭和教师的影响力是儿童的主要影响力，有时甚至是唯一影响力。然而，今天，大众文化（但广播媒体，报纸，杂志和流行音乐）所带来的影响往往更大。
By age eighteen the average teenager has spent 11,000 hours in the classroom and 22,000 hours infront of the television set. He or she has done perhaps 13,000 school lessons,yet has watched more than 750,000 commercials.
到十八岁时，青少年平均在教室里花费了11,000小时，在电视机前面花费了22,000小时。他或她已经完成了13,000次上课，但已经观看了超过75万次广告。
What effects does mass culture have on young people (and many adults, as well)? To answer, we need only consider the formats and devices commonly used. Modern advertising typically bombards the public with slogans and testimonials by celebrities.This approach is designed to appeal to emotions and create artificial needs for products and services. As a result, many people develop the habit of responding emotionally, impulsively, and gullibly to such appeals.
大众文化对年轻人（以及许多成年人也一样）有什么影响？要回答，我们只需要考虑常用的格式和设备。现代广告通常通过名人的口号和推荐来吸引公众。这种方法旨在吸引情绪并创造对产品和服务的人为需求。结果，许多人养成了对情绪，冲动和轻信的回应的习惯。
Television program mersuse frequent scene shifts and sensory appeals such as car crashes, violence, and sexual encounters to keep audience interest from diminishing. Then they add frequent commercial interruptions. As a result, many people find it difficult to concentrate in school or at work. They may think the teacher or the job is boring when, in fact, mass culture has made them impatient with the normal rhythms of life.
电视节目频繁发生场景转换和感官诉求，如汽车碰撞，暴力和性遭遇，以防止观众的兴趣减弱。然后他们增加频繁的广告中断。结果，许多人发现很难集中注意力在学校或工作上。当大众文化使他们对生活的正常节奏感到不耐烦时，他们可能认为老师或工作很无聊。
Finally, mass culture promotes values that oppose those held by most parents. Play is presented as more fulfilling than work, self-gratification more desirable than self-control, and materialism more meaningful than idealism. People who adopt these values without questioning them may end up sacrificing worthy goals to their pursuit of "a good time" and lots of money.
最后，大众文化所提倡的与大多数父母所持有的价值观相反。玩乐表现的比工作更充实，自我满足比自我控制更为理想，唯物主义比唯心主义更有意义。那些毫不怀疑地接受这些价值观的人最终会为了追求“美好时光”和大量金钱而牺牲一些有价值的目标。
EFFECTS ON SELF-IMAGE
对自我形象的影响
The circumstances of our lives are so influential that they affect not only our view of the world but also our view of ourselves. If you were to make a list of your capacities for different kinds of activities, you might say, for example, "I work well with mechanical things, but I have no talent for dealing with ideas." Would that be accurate? Not necessarily! It would be what you had come to believe about yourself, the conclusion you'd reached as a result of your experience. However, it might very well be a conclusion you reached too soon.
我们的生活环境如此有影响力，不仅影响我们对世界的看法，而且影响我们对自己的看法。如果你要列出不同种类活动的能力，例如，你可能会说，“我在机械方面做得很好，但我没有处理想法的天赋。”这是准确的吗？不必要！这将是你相信你自己的结果，你得出的结论是你经历的结果。但是，这很可能是您过早达成的结论。
Dr. Maxwell Maltz explains the amazing results one educator had in improving the grades of school children by changing their self-images. He had observed that when they saw themselves as stupid in a particular subject (or stupid in general), they unconsciously acted to confirm their self-images. They believed they were stupid, so they acted that way. Reasoning that it was their defeatist attitude rather than any lack of ability that was defeating them, the educator set out to change their self-images. He found that when he accomplished that, they no longer behaved stupidly!
麦克斯威尔博士通过改变他们的自我形象来改善学生的成绩，这是一位教育工作者取得的惊人成绩。他观察到，当他们发现自己在某个特定科目（或一般愚蠢）中很愚蠢时，他们无意识地采取行动来确认他们的自我形象。他们相信他们很愚蠢，所以他们这样做。推理说，这是他们的失败主义者的态度，而不是任何击败他们的能力的缺乏，教育者开始改变他们的自我形象。他发现当他做到这一点时，他们不再表现得蠢！
Maltz records how this same negative self-image kept a salesman from ever reaching more than a certain level of sales. When his territory was changed to a larger and more promising territory, he continued to make the same dollar amount, not a bit more. The trouble was found to be not in the conditions of his work but in his self-image. He had decided he couldn't exceed a certain amount, and so he subconsciously prevented himself from doing so.
马尔茨记录了这种相同的负面自我形象如何使销售人员达到超过一定的销售水平。当他的区域改为更大更有前途的区域时，他继续赚取相同的美元金额，而不是更多。发现的麻烦不在于他的工作条件，而在于他的自我形象。他已经决定不能超过一定的数额，所以他下意识地阻止自己这样做。
Maltz concludes from these and other examples that our experiences can work a kind of self-hypnotism on us, suggesting a conclusion about ourselves and then urging us to make it come true.
马尔茨从这些例子和其他例子中得出结论，我们的经验可以对我们产生一种自我催眠作用，提出关于我们自己的结论，然后催促我们实现它。
这个系列是对超越感觉：批判性思考指南 07版做的翻译练习，如果觉得有帮助可以点链接购买第九版中文，英文原版在这里Beyond Feelings：A Guide to Critical Thinking （英语）
【今天的logic把我折磨的够痛苦，不过在这个过程中突然想到，与天斗其乐无穷，与地斗，其乐无穷，与人斗其乐无穷。现在我就在与我自己的大脑斗，其乐无穷。】
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE EARLY YEARS
早年的意义
Psychologists agree that the early years of life are the most significant in shaping a person. Like sapling trees, small children are very pliable. The reasons for this are obvious. Everything is new to them. They are constantly recording impressions, and they lack any sophisticated process for sorting out those impressions and dealing with them. Children cannot think analytically. They cannot even express their reactions verbally.
心理学家认为，早年 的生活是塑造一个人最重要的。像树苗一样，小孩子很柔软。原因很明显。对他们来说一切都是新鲜事他们不断地记录印象，并且他们缺乏用于整理这些印象并处理它们的复杂过程。孩子们无法分析思考。他们甚至不能口头表达他们的反应。
The impact of children's early experiences can be profound, affecting their basic outlook toward themselves and other. Dr. Thomas A. Harris suggests that there are four such outlooks, and not all of them are healthy:
儿童早期经历的影响可能是深刻的，影响他们对自己和他人的基本观点。托马斯哈里斯博士建议有四种这样的观点，并不是所有的都是健康的：
1、我不好，你好
2、我不好，你不好
3、我好，你不好
4、我好，你好
The first outlook occurs for everyone between birth and age two or three. It develops when children sense their own fumbling helplessness and adults' comparative ability. The difference in size and skill makes adults seem almost godlike. And so children feel inferior.
第一种观点出现在从出生到两三岁的人之间。当孩子感受到自己摸索的无奈和成年人的能力比较时，它就会发展起来。大小和技巧的差异使得成人看起来几乎像上帝一样。所以孩子们感到自卑。
Age two or three, in Harris's view, is an important juncture. Children may continue in the first outlook with their feelings of inferiority lessening as they grow in knowledge and skill. Or they may slip into the harmful second or third outlook. The second develops when mothers are unusually cold. Lacking any encouragement, the children literally lack a reason to live. If they survive, they tend to become emotionally stunted, unable to accept recognition from anyone. The third outlook occurs when cruel, unloving parents beat and abuse their children. Each time the children experience an episode of violence, they are forced to provide their own encouragement and comfort. Thus they turn away from others. (Harris calls this outlook the criminal position because the history of many psychopathic individuals reveals it.)
在哈里斯看来，二三岁是一个重要的时刻。随着他们在知识和技能方面的成长，孩子们可能会继续在第一次展望中降低自卑感。或者他们可能陷入有害的第二或第三观点。当母亲异常寒冷时，第二个发展阶段中。没有任何鼓励，孩子们没有理由活下去。如果他们生存下来，他们往往会变得情绪低落，不能接受任何人的承认。第三种观点发生在残忍，不爱的父母殴打和虐待他们的孩子时。孩子们每次遇到暴力事件时，都会被迫提供自己的鼓励和安慰。这样他们就会离开别人。 （哈里斯称这种观点是犯罪的立场，因为许多心理变态的个体揭示了这一点。）
The fourth outlook, Harris stresses, is the only conscious one. That is, it is the only one based on faith, thought , and action. People fortunate enough to have had caring, encouraging parents get the necessary start. Then through later childhood and adolescence, they gradually grow out of both the emotional, unthinking responses of the child and the uncritical dependence on earlier teachings. They become thinking, self-directed people – individuals. They have both a sense of their won worth (I'm OK) and faith and trust in others (You're OK)2.
哈里斯强调，第四种观点是唯一有意识的观点。也就是说，它是唯一基于信仰，思想和行动的。幸运的人得到了关怀，鼓励父母获得必要的开始。然后在儿童时期和青春期后期，他们逐渐从孩子的情感反应和不加思索的对早期教义的依赖中产生出来。他们成为思考，自我指导的人 - 个人。他们对自己的胜利感（我很好）以及对别人的信任和信任（你没事）2。
BECOMING AN INDIVIDUAL
成为个人
What does individuality mean and to what extent can a person be an individual? In the current popular imagination, individuality means "doing your own thing," responding to life's situations in whatever way seems most natural.The problem with that notion is that it ignores all the shaping forces we have been discussing. It denies the fact that each of us has been channeled and conditioned to a great degree. It pretends there is some inner self untouched by all that we have experienced, all that has happened to us.
个人意味着什么？一个人在多大程度上可以成为一个个人？在当前流行的想象中，个体意味着“做你自己的事情”，以任何看起来最自然的方式回应生活的情况。这个概念的问题在于它忽略了我们一直在讨论的所有塑造力量。它否认我们每个人都在很大程度上被灌输和适应的事实。它假装有一些内在的自我没有接触到我们所经历的一切，这一切都发生在我们身上。【什么意思看不懂】
The fact is that if you define individuality in the popular way and act on that definition, you'll be acting like Pavlov's famous dog. Pavlov rang a bell whenever he placed food in front of the dog. After a while, he conditioned the dog to drool when he heard the bell, even though no food was presented to him. The dog was doing what came naturally to him. But what came naturally was influenced by his experience. He was controlled by a force outside himself.
事实是，如果你用流行的方式定义个性，并按照这个定义行事，你就会像帕夫洛夫着名的狗一样行事。每当他把食物放在狗的前面时，帕夫洛夫就响铃。过了一段时间，尽管没有食物给他看，但是当他听到铃声时，他的狗流口水。这只狗正在做他自然而然的事情。但是，自然而然受到他的经验影响。他被自己以外的力量所控制。【条件反射】
Obviously, individuality must be something more than that. It must be the habit of developing your own personal responses to people, issues, and situations, rather than mindlessly endorsing the responses you have been conditioned to make. These guidelines will help you achieve individuality:
显然，个性必须超过那个。它必须是习惯性的建立起你自己对人，事情和情况的个人反应，而不是盲目地赞同你所做的回应。这些指导方针将帮助您达到个性：
1. Tree your first reaction to any person, issue, or situation as tentative. No matter how appealing it may be, refuse to embrace it until after you have examined it.
1、将你对任何人的第一反应，问题或情况树为暂定。不管它有多吸引人，只有在检查之后才接受它。
2. Decide why you reacted as you did. Consider whether you borrowed there action from someone else – a parent or friend, perhaps, or a celebrity or fictional character on television. If possible, determine what specific experiences conditioned you to react this way.
2.决定你为什么作出反应。考虑你是否借用了别人的行动 - 也许是父母或朋友，或者电视上的名人或虚构人物。如果可能的话，确定什么具体的经验使你以这种方式作出反应。
3. Think of other reactions your might have had to the person, issue, or situation.
3.想想你可能对人，问题或情况所产生的其他反应。
4. Ask yourself whether one of the other reactions is more appropriate than your first reaction. And when you answer, resist the influence of your conditioning.
4.问问自己，其他反应之一是否比第一反应更合适。当你回答时，抵制你的控制的影响。
To ensure that you will really be an individual, and not merely claim to be one,apply these guidelines throughout your work in this book, as well as in your everyday life.
为了确保您真正成为个人，而不仅仅是自称是个人，请在本书以及日常生活的整个工作中应用这些指导原则。
APPLICATIONS
应用
1. Suppose you asked a friend, How did you acquire your particular identity – your sentiments and preferences and attitudes? Then suppose the friend responded, I'm an individual. No one else influences me. I do my own thing, select the sentiments and preferences and attitudes that suit me. How would you explain to your friend what you learned in this chapter?
1.假设你问了一个朋友，你是如何获得你的特定身份 - 你的情感，喜好和态度的？那么假设这位朋友回应说，我是个人。没有人影响我。我做我自己的事情，选择适合我的情绪和偏好以及态度。你如何向你的朋友解释你在本章中学到了什么？
2. Ask yourself the question Who am I? Write down ten answers to this on ten separate slips of paper. Use the first three paragraphs of this chapter to help you to choose your answer. Arrange the pieces of paper in priority order in terms of their importance to you. Which self-descriptions are most important to your? Why?
2.问自己我是谁？在十张单独的纸上写下十个答案。使用本章的前三段来帮助你选择你的答案。根据对您的重要性排列优先顺序。哪些自我描述对你最重要？为什么？
3. Identify the various positive and negative influences that have shaped you. Be sure to include the particular as well as the general influences and the subtle as well as the obvious. Which of those influences have had the greatest effect on you? Explain the effects as precisely as you can.
3.确定塑造你的各种积极和消极影响。一定要包括具体以及一般影响和微妙以及明显。哪些影响对你影响最大？尽可能精确地解释效果。
4. Note your immediate reaction to each of the following questions. Then apply the four guidelines given in this chapter for achieving individuality.
4. 写下您对以下每个问题的直接反应。然后运用本章给出的四条准则来实现个性。
Should freshman composition be a required course for all students?
大一新生应该成为所有学生的必修课吗？
Should athletes be tested for anabolicsteroid use?
运动员是否应该进行合成代谢类固醇的测试？
Should creationism be taught in high school biology classes?
创造论应该在高中生物课中教授吗？
Should polygamy be legalized?
一夫多妻应该合法化吗？
Should the voting age be lowered to sixteen?
选举投票年龄是否应该降至十六岁？
5. Group discussion exercise: Discuss each of the following questions with two or three classmates, applying the four guidelines for developing individuality that are given in this chapter. Be prepared to share your group's ideas with the class.
5.小组讨论练习：与两个或三个同学讨论以下每个问题，应用本章给出的发展个性的四条指导原则。准备好与班级分享你们小组的想法。
Should extremist groups like the Ku Klux Klan be allowed to hold rallies on public property?
像Ku Klux Klan这样的极端主义组织应该被允许举行公共财产集会吗？
Should the prison system give greater emphasis to the punishment or to the rehabilitation of inmates?
监狱系统应该更重视惩罚还是修复犯人？
Should doctors and clinics be required to notify parents of minors when they prescribe birth control devices for the minors?
是否应要求医生和诊所在为未成年人开具计划生育装置时通知未成年人的父母？
这个系列是对超越感觉：批判性思考指南 07版做的翻译练习，如果觉得有帮助可以点链接购买第九版中文，英文原版在这里Beyond Feelings：A Guide to Critical Thinking （英语）
【你的个人就是你的经历，你的阅读史就是你的成长史，要一一列出来什么对自己影响最大还真不容易，自己的三观到底是如何建立起来的呢？从心理学研究上看原生家庭的影响非常重要，然而后天自己的阅历努力经历也有着举足轻重的作用，人生不设限，用好的影响因素去塑造未来的你】
【不喜欢下雨，却喜欢潮湿的天气，矛盾】
【拿自己做实验，真的是没谁了，过几天就能看到结果】
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