札主的修辞篇（Rhetoric ）

札主的修辞篇（Rhetoric ）

Rhetoric包括了figure of speech,因为figure of speech是指的修改字面的意思，而rhetoric里面包含了没有修改字面意思的修辞，如repetition和反问。

Figure of speech指的是the use of word diverging from normal meaning.

1.    Sarcasm讽刺：

the use of remarks that clearly mean the opposite of what they say, made in order to hurt someone's feelings or to criticize something in a humorous way:

"You have been working hard," he said with heavy sarcasm,as he looked at the empty page.

2.    Irony反语：

is used in order to indirectly call attention to a point that is different from the specific words a given person is using:

The irony is that his mistake will actually improve the team's situation.

3.    Hyperbole夸张

An exaggeration of the characteristics of an object or circumstance.

4.    Simile比喻，明喻

compares one object to another - He smokes like a chimney.

as pround as peacock

5.    Metaphor暗喻，隐喻

compares two things by stating one is the other（X is Y） - The eyes are the windows of the soul.

6.  Metonymy转喻

a metaphor where something being compared is referred to by something closely associated with it - The knights are loyal to the crown.

(相关，如杨老师被称为烈士墓，小学生被称为红领巾)

the hall applauded.

7.    Synecdoche提喻

usually serves one of two main purposes. The first is to simply provide a shorthand way of talking about common events. For example, when one talks about a sports team, one might just use the synecdoche of the city name itself, instead of writing out the full name of the team in question. The second purpose of the synecdoche is to call special attention to a specific aspect or quality of the object as a whole.

(whole for part part for whole， 我们需要更多人手)

8.    Parallelism排比

uses words or phrases, clauses with a similar structure - I went to the store, parked the car and bought a pizza.（climax和anticlimax, antithesis都包含在内)

9.    Personification拟人

The attribution of human properties toward things or animals.

10.  Onomatopoeia拟声

words that imitate the sound they describe - plunk, whiz, pop,crack,crunch,murmur,erf（狗叫）

11.  Analogy类比

compares two different things that have some similar characteristics - He is flaky as a snowstorm.（系统的比较）

与metaphor的区别:

An analogy is typically a fairly long comparison, utilizing certain aspects of each thing being compared to demonstrate similarity between them, and then  extending this similarity to other aspects.

Metaphor is a rather short expression that directly equates two things.

12.  Paradox悖论

the sentence doesn’t have the related concept of logical contradiction

13.  Oxymoron矛盾修饰

a two word paradox - near miss, seriously funny

inside out彻底地

victorious defeat.虽败犹荣

14.  Pun双关

is a play on words that produces a humorous effect by using a word that suggests two or more meanings.

eg. A Farewell to arms永别了武器（指武器也指怀抱，海明威的初恋）

we aim to please, you aim too please男厕公示语，向前一小步，文明一大步 aim瞄准，目的 please满意，请  too-two

you touched me芳华

(15. Familiar style 平易文体 reflect on the details of everyday life towards larger truths.)

16. Allusion 引典

Math is my heel of A'chilles.数学是我致命的弱点。（引典荷马史诗）

open sesame秘诀，开门咒（芝麻开门）

pound of flesh割肉还债（威尼斯商人）

Catch-22二十二条军规，表示左右为难的规定

17. Zeugma 扼式修饰法

举个栗子But she also fed me Cream of Wheat, cabbage rolls and a wondrous banquet of books and the Bible.                                          ——The Woman in the Kitchen

(fed这个动词先用于本义，后用于转义。这句前面都是吃的后面是书，不同语义范畴的放在了一起但是跟在同一个动词后面。

同时不仅动词可以这样，adj, prep也可以。 adj./prep.+n1+n2)

(18. counter argument反驳（引用反方观点陈述其可行性再加以论述其不可行性，以及我方观点的可行性）)

19. alliteration头韵（单词前部发音相同）

money makes the mare go 有钱能使鬼推磨

a fair face may hide a foul heart 金玉其外败絮其中

part and parcel 必不可少的

bread and butter 面包和黄油，指生计

fame and fortune 名与利

nature and nurture 先天与后天

publish or perish 要不出版要不消失perishable易腐烂的）

prim and proper 一本正经的

odds and ends 零碎东西

belly button 肚脐眼（小孩的）

Lexus lane 豪车通道

love and loathe 爱与恨

peppa pig小猪佩奇

coca-cola

20. end rhyme尾韵

locked and loaded 上了子弹还拉了栓

hustle and bustle 喧嚣

higgledy piggledy 杂乱的

21. Climax 递进

I came I saw I conquered凯撒大帝的话

22.transferred epithet修饰语移置

sleepless night/  Seattle（夜不会失眠，是人不眠）

a dizzy height , a sweet voice（通感), an icy look, an unthinking moment

anticlimax突降

23.euphmism委婉语

social disease性病

do ones bussiness小便

senior citizen老年人

kick the bucket （上吊踢桶，指死亡）

24. parody仿拟（ape n.猿猴 v.模仿 mirror v.模仿）

To be or not to be~to lie or not to lie

nuclear button~burger

25.antithesis对偶

man proposes and god disposes谋事在人，成事在天

to err is human, to forgive divine.人非圣贤，孰能无过

easy come easy go

26.periodic sentence圆周句

比较重要的部分放在了结尾

basic statement: love is blind

periodic sentencelove, as everyone know…,is blind.

板块一 值得注意的就是Simile，Metaphor，Synecdoche，Metonymy这几个喻了。

Simile应该很好说就是常见的比喻

metaphor相似

synecdoche提喻，我在网上找到了一大段的解释，大概意思就是说你如果想要表示一个东西你可以提一个能够包含它的点，但是你要保证它们有包含关系同时范围可以拉得很大。

metonymy转喻与synecdoche提喻有点像，可以理解为借代，它的用词是要与所喻的东西密切联系的，比如它的功能，特质。（不是相似，而是联系）

在Thinking as a hobby（by William Golding）这篇文章里我找到了几个句子

1.  Man is a gregarious animal, and enjoys agreement as cows will graze all the same way on the side of a hill.（人生来就喜欢一致，就像奶牛喜欢顺着同一山坡吃草一样，这是simile）

2.    I slid my arm around her waist and murmured breathlessly that if we were counting heads, the Buddhists were the boys for my money. (heads可以视作佛教徒人数了，这里是synecdoche，因为heads 和Buddhists有包含关系)

3.（spring sowing）里有一句用了转喻 Still, as they walked silently in their rawhide shoes through the little hamlet, there was not a soul about. (这里的soul代指人，人是有灵魂的，这是人的特质，所以是转喻metonymy)

4.  In this instance, he seemed to me ruled not by thought but by an invisible and irresistible spring in his neck.（说Mr Houghton的脖子里有不可压制的弹簧，我觉得作者并没有表示像这个词，而是直接肯定说有，所以是metaphor）

5.在Economic growth is a path to perdition, not prosperity课文里也有一个暗喻，we will need the equivalent of two Earths by the late 2030s to keep up with our demands. Ecologists call this phenomenon "overshoot". 我们将需要相当于两个地球的资源才能满足我们的需求，生态学家们把这种现象称为透支。 （这不就有点下定义的意思吗，是metaphor没错）

还有另外一句 Darwin was sailing into choppy waters.达尔文闯入了波涛汹涌的水域-比喻

板块二 然后要注意的就是paradox和oxymoron，他们都有矛盾的意思，那么paradox和oxymoron的区别在哪呢?下面有两个对应的句子可以看一下（我认为矛盾词相连接的一般都是oxymoron）

The moreI know, the more confused I become. (paradox)

Inretrospect, historians think that it was a disastrous victory. (oxymoron)

在The telephone(by Anwar F.Accawi)里我找到一句paradox

Her house was an island of comfort, an oasis for the weary village men, exausted from having so little to do.(作者想要表达的是男人们把她的房子当做沙漠里的绿洲，是乏味单调生活里的安慰，但是exausted是筋疲力尽的意思而have so little to do是无事可做，你想想什么事都没做怎么可能筋疲力尽呢，这明显是paradox)

板块三 要提到的就是sarcasm和irony, 虽然他们都有表示讽刺，但是irony也有表示反语的意思，在你认为没有讽刺意味，often in order to be amusing的时候就是反语了，不过在朗文词典上，反语有时也有讽刺的意思，比如heavy irony很重的反语-辛辣的讽刺。

另外讲一个spring sowing里出现的拟声修辞

Cows were lowing at a distance. (牛的叫声)

延伸: onomatopoeia拟声词 :    banging猛敲猛撞声                  chuckling暗自发笑声                    baying 猎犬吠叫声                    cracking使破裂的噼啪声          bubbling 起泡沸腾声              crunching 咀嚼松脆食物声        giggling 咯咯傻笑声                  groaning痛苦呻吟声              grumbling 咕哝抱怨声        hammering锤击声                      humming 轻轻哼歌声                  lowing哞哞声                            moaning呻吟抱怨声              mumbling 含糊不清                munching 大声咀嚼              murmuring喃喃小语                pounding重击                              rattling响尾蛇或火车震动声        ringing铃声                                    roaring 咆哮尖叫声                      rustling沙沙声                        screaming 尖叫声                screeching急刹声                        snoring呼噜声                          splashing 打水声                        tinkling银铃声                            yawning哈欠