17.5-Conducting Inquiry-How much Inquiry is enough?
进行调查-调查多少才够？
It would seem that deciding when an inquiry is complete should be easy. More often than not, however, it is not easy at all.
决定什么时候完成调查看起来应该很容易。然而，通常情况下，一点也不容易。
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One insight can make a great difference.
一个见解可以产生巨大的影响。 -
A single new fact can upset a mountain of evidence.
一个新的事实可以推翻堆积如山的证据。
The aim of inquiry is to produce evidence. It will be helpful to recall these guidelines for determining when evidence is sufficient.
调查的目的是产生证据。回顾这些指引能帮助你判断证据什么时候是充分的。
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Evidence is sufficient when it permit a judgment to ba made with certainty. Wishing, assuming, or pretending that a judgment is correct does not constitute certainty. Certainty exists when there is no good reason for doubt, no basis for dispute. Certainty is a very difficult standard to meet, especially in controversial issue, so you will generally be forced to settle for a more modest standard.
当证据能使判断准确时，它是充分的。 希望、假设或者假装判断是正确的并不能构成确定性；当没有充分的理由怀疑，没有争论的基础时，确定性就存在；确定性是一个非常难达到的标准，尤其是在有争议的问题上，所以你通常被迫与选择一个更适度的标准。 -
If certainty is unattainable, evidence is sufficient if one view of the issue has been shown to have the force of probability. This mean that the view in question is demonstrably more reasonable than any competing view. Demonstrating reasonableness is, of course, very different from merely aserting it, and all possible views must be identified and evaluated before any one view can be established as most reasonable.
如果确定性难以达到，如果这个问题的一个看法被证明是更具可能性的，也可以认为证据时充足的。意思就是，所讨论的观点显然比其他竞争的观点更加合理。显然，论证合理和仅仅的断言是非常不一样的，在一个观点被证明为最合理前，任何有可能的观点都应该识别和评估。 -
In all other cases, the evidence must be considered insufficient. In other words, if the evidence does no show one view to be more reasonable than completing views, the only prudent course of action is to withhold judgment until sufficient evidence is avaiable. Such restraint can be difficult, especially when you want a particular view to be proved superior, but restraint is an important characteristic of the critical thinker.
除此之外，还要考虑证据不充分的情况。 换句话说，如果没有一个问题的看法被证明比其他竞争性的观点更合理，唯一谨慎的行动方针就是保留判断直到有足够的证据。这样的克制可能很困难，尤其是当你想证明一个观点更加有优越性时，但克制是批判性思考者的一个重要特征。
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