1. 名词在句中的用法和解析
名词从词源上讲，可以表述为：
1.1 分类：普通名词，专用名词，或抽象名词。
1.2 文法格式：数，性，格。
除第一人称和第二人称之外，名词不需要考虑人称。
1.3 用法：名词在句子中，充当9种功能或有9种用法。
I. 充当主语(subject)。——一个名词可以作为动词主语的主格。
解析模型示例：
The bugle’s note and cannon’s roar the death-like slilence broke.( 军号和大炮的轰鸣打破了死亡般的寂静。)
note…………………….是普通名词，单数，性为中性，充当主格——动词“broke”的主语。
roar…………………….(解析同note)
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从词源角度解析下列句子中名词主语：
1. Water consists of two gases.
2. Napoleon went to Egypt with forty sail-of-the-line.
3. Life's but a walking shadow.
4. Holy and heavenly tboughta shall counsel her.
5. Then rose from sea to sky the wild farewell.
6. The boy stood on the burning deck,Whence all but him had fled.
7. Kindness to animals is a duty of all.
II. 使用所有格(possessive)。——一个名词可以有所有格作为其属性，也就是说使用所有格，在含义上限制或修饰与其相结合的名词。
解析模型示例：
The bugle’s note and cannon’s roar the death-like slilence broke.
bugle’s…………………….是普通名词，单数，性为中性，充当属格——限制名词“note”。
cannon’s……………………是普通名词，单数，性为中性，充当属格——限制名词“roar”。
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从词源角度解析下列句子中名词的属格：
1. The spider's web is a wonderful piece of work.
2. Some judge of authors' names, not works.
3. See laurels on the bald first Cæsar's head.
4. This is my fathers' ancient burial-place.
5. So sha11 the Northern pioneer go joyful on his way,
To wed Penobscot's waters to San Francisco's bay.
6. Progress, Liberty's proud teacher;
Progress, Labor's sure reward.
III. 充当宾语(object)。——一个名词可以充当及物动词宾语的宾格。
解析模型示例：
The bugle’s note and cannon’s roar the death-like slilence broke.
slilence..............一个抽像名词，单数，性为中性，作为宾格——动词“broke”的宾语(宾语在这里是倒装诗歌语序，一般宾语的位置是在控制单词之后)。
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从词源角度解析下列句子中名词的宾格：
1. I met a little cottage girl.
2. The Muses haunt clear spring or shady grove or sunny hill
8. The reindeer draws the Laplander's sledge.
4. The Laplander defies the severity of bis native climate.
5. When be rend the note, he shook his head, and obsenved that an affair of this sort demanded the utmost circumspection.
6. We carved not a line, we raised not a stone.
7. Enough, enough; sit down and share A soldier's couch, a soldier's fare.
8. Who would bear the whips and scorns of time,The oppressor's wrong, t the proud man's contumely.
IV. 与前置词组合构成短语。——一个名词可以通过前置词与其它的单词连接，可以解析为前置词的宾语。
解析模型示例：
The army crossed the river by a bridge made of pontoon-boats.
bridge…………..是一个普通名词，单数，性为中性，宾格——依赖前置词“by.”
pontoon-boats……………是一个普通名词，复数，性为中性，宾格——依赖前置词“of.”
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从词源角度解析下列句子中由前置词支配的宾语：
1. The Gauls were conquered by Cæsar.
2. We gazed with Inexpressible pleasure on those hnppy islands.
3. The end of government is the good of mankind.
4. There came to the beach a poor exile of Erin.
5. From peak to peak the rattling crags among, Leaps the live th under.
6. Out flew MIiiions of flaming swords drawn from the thighs of mighty cherubim.
V. 充当间接宾语。——名词可以以宾格的形式充当动词的间接宾语。间接宾语很好识别：它出现在直接宾语前，回答了这样的问题：“For or to whom?”(为谁或者对谁？) “For or to what？”(为什么或对什么？)
注：在最早期的英语中，有一个专用的词尾变换用于表示间接宾语。这称为与格(dative)，从字面意思理解，就是给与格(giving)，因为这种词尾变换格式主要用于give，lend，send以及类似这样的单词之后。例如——
(早期英语)——This king gave large gifts minister-um.
(现代英语)——This king gave [to] the ministers large gifts.——Abbott’s Shakespearean Grammar.
解析模型示例：
1. We gave the man a book.
2. Sockrates taught Plato philosophy.
man………….一个普通名词，单数，男性，宾格——动词“gave”的间接宾语。
Plato………….一个专用名词，单数，男性，宾格——动词“taught”的间接宾语。
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从词源角度解析下列句子中由名词充当的间接宾语：
1. This king gave the ministers large gifts.
2. The judge granted the prisoner a full pardon.
3. Ascham taught Lady Jane Grey the Greek language.
4. Lend the poor man a dollar.
5. We sent the teacher a request.
VI. 充当同位语(apposition)。——名词可以用于解析另一个名词，或者作为另一个词的别名，或者换一种说法进行阐述，就称其为同位语，或者被解释词的同位语且与其属同样的格(主格，属格，或宾格)。(apposition来自ad,意为“near，或alongside of ”，和ponere，意为“to place或to put”，可能也有介于中间(intervening)的词，但是没有连接词；两个单词都作为句子相同的成员。)
解析模型示例：
1. Ali reclined, a man of war and woes. (Ali躺下，一名饱经战乱的战士。)
man……………..一个普通名词，单数且是男性；主格，因为“Ali”作为，以同位语的方式，作为动词“reclined”的主语。
2. We beheld the Mississippi，that mighty river.(我们看到了密西西比河，那条大河。)
river…………..普通名词，单数，中性，以宾格的形式，与“Mississippi”成为同位语，作为动词“beheld”的宾语。
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从词源角度解析下列句子中由名词充当的同位语：
1. Next came Thomas， the boy that cleans the boots.
2. Then we saw Thoms，the boy that cleans the boots.
3. Washington, the father of his country, was the first president of the United States.
4. Whang the mlller was very avaricious.
5. We admire Milton, the great English poet.
VII. 充当谓语主格(predicate nominative)。——一个名词可能会出现在某种不及物动词或被动动词之后，或者可能将某种不及物动词或被动动词的含义补充完整，且仍然与这个动词的主语一样，表示同样的人或事物，则称这个名词为谓语主格(the predicate nominative)。
例如，在句子中，“The author of this book is my brother，”“brother”是述语(predicate)，但是它不是动词的宾语，因为动词“is”判定“author”和“brother”是等效的，同于“author”是主格，“brother”也必须是一样是主格。我们可以说，“The author of this book is I”(主格)，不是“is me”(注意格)。
解析模型示例：
1. Tennyson is a poet.
poet…………………..普通名词，单数，性为男性，主格——位于动词“is”之后的谓语主格。
2. Washington was elected present in 1789.
present……………………..普通名词，单数，性为男性，主格——位于动词“was elected”之后的谓语主格。
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从词源角度解析下列句子中由名词充当的谓语主格：
1. And , Saxon , I am Roderick Dhu .
2. The earth is a planet.
3. Mary still seemed a queen ( = was a queen in seeming, or appearance ).
4. King William of Prussia became Emperor of Germany in 1871 .
5. He was a man , take him for all in all, I shall not look upon his like again.
VIII. 充当独立主格和绝对主格。——名词可以充当独立主格(independant)或绝对主格(absolute)：例如——
(1) Horatius，saith the consul，as thou sayest，so let it be.
(执政官说，Horatius，照你所说的，随你去吧。)
(2) The storm having ceased，we departed.
暴风雨停了，我们离开了。
1. 独立主格(nominative independant)。——在上面例子(1)中，名词“Horatius”并没有依赖于句中任何其它词汇的文法关系，因此，说它是独立的(independant)，并且，它又解析为主格。
2. 绝对主格(nominative absolute)。——在上面例子(2)中，名词“storm”与句子任何其它单词都没有语法关系，这个句子不是这样“The storm ceased，and we departed，”或者“When The storm ceased，we departed，”而是这样“The storm having ceased，we departed.” 词汇“The storm having ceased”组成了一个短语，当在这种结构中发了一个名词，就将它就解释为绝对主格。(在这儿，从与英语语言的历史一致性讲，比前面的独立主格和后面的主格独立与称谓(nominative independent by address))，从者更认同将这种结构同前面的独立主格区分开，并将其称为绝对主格。绝对主格主应于拉丁语“ablative(absolute)”，而在这儿称为独立主格的术语对应于拉丁语vocative.)
解析模型示例：
1. Mary，your lilies are in bloom. (Mary，你的百合花开了。)
Mary…………………..专用名词，第二人称，单数，性为女性，独立主格。
2. The river not being fordable，we had to make a great detour.
(这条河不能涉水而过，我们必须绕道而行。)
river……………………..普通名词，单数，性为中性，绝对主格。
IX. 充当目的状语(objective adverbial)。——当一个名词以副词的被用于修饰动词，或形容词，描述时间，距离，价值等：例如——
(1) We walked a mile. (我们走了一英里。)
(2) You are a foot taller than I. (你比我高一英尺。)
(3) The battle lasted three days. (这场战斗持续3天。)
在这种用法中，名词称为目的状语(很多文法学家将这种用法的名词解析为受前置词支配理解(“We walked for a mile，”“You are taller by a foot，”等等。) 但是，句中并未提供前置词，永远也不会有。这种格式的名词是早期英语属格(genitive)和与格(dative——用于表示量度，时间，等等)的伪装格式。因此，“Three furlongs broad”在Anglo-Saxon语中表示“threora furlanga brad，”句中，“furlanga”是属格。因此，这种表达式“bound hand and foot.”是Anglo-Saxon语言中的“bound hand-um and fôt-um”=(as regards(或in) hand and foot)，名词是与格)。
解析模型示例：
That pole is ten feet high.(那根杆子有十英尺高。)
feet……………普通名词，单数，中性，宾格——作为目的状态状语修饰形容词“high”(=high by ten feet.)
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(从I到V)
解析下列句子斜体部分的名词：
1. All men are created equal.——Jefferson.
2. Then rose from sea to skey the wild farewell.一Byron.
3. Vanish'd is the auclent splendor, and before my dreamy eye.
Wave these mingling shapes and figures， like a faded tapestry.——LongFellow.
4. The steed along the drawbridge flies.——Scott.
5. I could hear my friend chide him for not finding out some work, but at
the same time saw him put his hand in his pocket and give him sixpence
一Spectator.
6. Thou knowest my praise of nature most sincere,
And that my raptures are not conjured up
To serve occasians of poetic pomp,
But genuine, and art partner of them all.——Cowper
7. Thy name and watchword o'er this land
I hear in every breeze that stirs,
And round a thousand altars stand
Thy banded party workshippers. -- Whittier
8. Whilst I was thus musing, I cast my eyes towards the summit of a rock
that was not far from me, where I discovered oue In the habit of a
shepherd, with a little musical instruments his hand.——Addison.
9. His spear, to equal which the tallest pine
Hewn on Norwegian hills to be the mast
Of some great ammiral were but a wand,
He walked with, to support uneasy steps,
Over the burning marle.——Milton.
10. The gushing flood the tartans dyed.——Scott.
11. Lives of great men all remind us
We can make our lives sublime,
And, departing, leave behind us
Footprints on the sands of time.——Longfellow．
12. His father's sword he has girded on.——Moore.
13. Leaves have their time to fall
And flowers to wither at the North Wind's breath.——Hemans.
14. Then future ages with delight shall see
How Plato's, Bacon's, Newton's looks agree.——Pope.
15. The only, the perpetnol dirge
That's heard there is the sea-bird's cry,
The mournful murmur of the surge,
The cloud's deep voice, the wind's low sigh. ——Pierpont.
16. The patriarch made Joseph a coat of many colors.
17. Lend your neighbors a helping hand.
18. We forgive our friends their faults.
19. Then give humility a coach-and-six,
Justice a conqueror's sword, or truth a gown,
Or public spirit its great cure, a crown.——Pope
20. He chooses company, but not the squire's(即，“The squire’s company.” 名词被名词所有格的名词限制的部分通常省略，但是在解析的时候，为了便于理解，应将其解析出来。)——Addison．
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(从VI到IX)
解析下列句子斜体部分的名词：
1. Thomson, the poet, was contemporary of Hume, the historian．
2. The emperor Kaoti, a soldier of fortune, marched against the Huns.——Gibbon
3.'Tie I, Hamlet the Dane.——Shakespeare.
4. This is my son， mine own Telemachus——Tennyson．
5. There, swinging wide at her moorings, lay
The Somerset, British man-of-war—
A phantom ship.——Longfellow
6. Be a hero in the strife.——Longfellow
7. Discretion is the better part of valor. ——Shakespeare.
8. There were two fathers, in this ghastly crew.——Byrow
9. Brevity is the soul of wit. ——Shakespeare.
10. The proper study of mankind is man一Pope.
11. The principle which gave a peculiar coloring to Isnbclla'e mind was pkty——Prescott.
12. And the earth wns nll rest，and the air was all love.——Shelley
13. Others, their blue eyes with tears o'ertlowing,
Stand, like Ruth, amid the golden corn. ——Longfellow
14. The hill-range stood
Transfigured in the silver flood,
Its blown ,snows flashing cold and kccn.——Whittier
15. Success being hopeless，preparations were made for a retreat.——Alison.
16. Uriel, no wonder if thy perfect sight,
Amid the sun's bright circlet where thon sitt'st,
See far and wide.——Milton.
17. Rise, crowned with light, imperinl Salem, rise !——Pope
18. With that she fell distract,
And, her attendants absent, swallowed fire. ——Shakespeare.
19. The war being ended, the soldiers returned to their homes.
20. Listen, my chidren, and you shall hear
Of the midnight ride of Paul Revere. ——Longfellow
21. O Caledonia! stern and wild,
Meet nurse for a poetie child.
Land of brown heath and shaggy wood,
Land of the mountain and the flood.——Scott
22. O lonely tomb in Moab's land,
O dark Bethpeor's hill,
Speak to these curious hearts of ours
And teach them to be still.——Anon.
23. The antechambers were crowded all night with lords and councillors.——
Macaulay.
24. Home they brought her warrior dend.——Tennyson.
25. Patrick Henry was nearly six feet high.——Wirt
26. Not without deep solicitude I saw the angry clouds gathering in the horizon, north and south.——Everett
27. Be that was dead came forth bound hand and foot.——Bible．
28. You came three times last week, but did you come the nearest way!
29. Awake, my St. John, leave nll meaner things.——Pope
30. Milton, thou shouldst be with us at this hour. ——Wordsworth
来源：<<英语文法和写作>> William Swinton，1879 年版。
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