a………………………….冠词，“a beautiful face.”
…………………………………前置词：“I go a-fishing.”
after……………………前置词：“You came after me.”
…………………………………副词：(简单副词)，“You came soon after；”
(注：在较早期的英语中，常用的连词形式是“after that”:例如，“After that I was turned I repented.”—Bible)(从那以后我就后悔了。这可以表明，在“连接”功能上，“after”是一个前置词而不是一个连词，其结构是“前置词+名词短语”:“after [that] I was turned.”)
…………………………………连词：“You came after I left.”
(关于术语：连续性连词 (continuative conjunction)(Morrell).——通常称为连词(conjunction)；称为副词可能更好(Mason).——关系副词(relative adverb)或者主从连词（subordinating conjunction）(Bain))。
above……………………前置词：“Above the ground；”“Above mean actions.”
……………………………………副词：“That rollest above.”
……………………………………形容词：“The above remarks;” “The above rule.”
(注：1. 文法学家们一般反对将“above”当作形容词使用，但是看起来似乎已成既成事实；2. “above”的隐含应用，例如，在句子“above comprehension”中，很容易传达“more than”的含义：例如，“above the price of rubies；” “above a dozen”[dozen，名词]。)
all……………….形容词：“All men are mortal.”(所有人都是凡人。)
………………………代词性(形容词代词性，相当于代词)：“Each for all,all for each.”(我为人人，人人为我。)
……………………………………名词：“All is lost.”(一切尽失。)
……………………………………副词：“All round the world.”(全世界。)
any……………….形容词：“Any age；”(任何年龄) “Any complaints.”(任何投诉。)
……………………代词性形容词：“Who is here so base that would be a bondman? If any,speak.”(谁在这儿如此卑微，会成为一个奴隶？如果有的话，请说出来！)
………………….副词：“Are you any better?”(好些了吗？)
as……………….简单副词：“As brave as a lion.”(勇猛如狮。)
…………………..连词化(conjunctive)：“He spoke as we entered；”(当我们进来时他说话了) “as far as we can see.”(据我们所知。)
(关于术语：连续性连词 (continuative conjunction)(Morrell).——有时候，表示连续的或者连接的副词；其它情况，表示主从连词 (subordinating conjunction) (Bain))
…………………..连词(conjunction)：“As he was ambitious，I slew him.”(ambitious——野心勃勃，slew——slay的过去式，kill之意。)
…………………..代词化：“I have not such kind treatment as I used to have”(=which I used to have.)(我没有像以前那样的待遇了。)
(注：1. “As”来自代词根(all-so)，表示“in which way”或“in that way”，这个代词化的意义，就是在其所有用法中都作为词根；2. “As”现在作为关系词仅在有前置的such或same用于表示相互关系的情况下才表示关系词；但是俗化用法(平民化，非正式场合)“The is the boy as I saw yesterday”是原来的代词化含义的示范。)
below……………….前置词：“High life below stairs.”(楼梯下的高生活。)
…………….…………….副词：“Go below.”(往下走。)
…………….…………….名词：“The power comes from below.”(动力来自下方。)
beside……………….前置词：“Sit beside me.”
…………….…………….副词：“Beloved of heaven o’er all the world beside.”(o’er=over，全世界的天堂至爱。)
but……………….前置词：“All but him had fled；”(除了他，所有人都逃走了。)“None knew thee but to love thee.”(thee同you，第二人称单数thou的宾格)(除了爱你，没人认识你。)(but是前置词，所以人称用宾格。)
(注：“But”这样用，确实是一个前置词(介词)，其原来是be-out=without，或者except(Anglo-Saxon为be-utan，butan)；不应该一连词but混淆在一起，“but”作为前置词的用法已经到了被遗忘到如此程度，很多文法学家仅将它当成一个连词对待；他们谴责违反语法的结构，
There was no one present but me，
They all went away but him;
替换成but I和but he，这样做会将一句好的英语句子“修正(correcting)”为糟糕的句子。
同样，因为把but看成是前置词，所以人称用宾格，而不是主格。)
…………………………………..连词：“I go,but I return.”(我走了，但是我又回来了。)
…………………………………..副词：“’Tis but[=only] a little faded flower;”(‘Tis=it is)(它不过是一朵小小的枯萎花朵) “I can but lament the result.”(我只能对结果表示惋惜。)
(注：在这儿，but作为副词是由否定句的省略而引起。这个句子原本的结构是这样，“I can not but lament the result，”“lament”是一个受控于前置词“but”的不定式。例如，“That I may have not but my meat and drink.”—Chaucer. )
有时候，当but使用在否定相互关系的时候，其充当否定关系词：例如——
The is no fireside，howsoe’er defended，(howsoe’er=howsoever)
But has one vacant chair.—Longfellow.
在这种结构中，but相当于that……not……或者who……not. 然而,要能实现这种功能，需要通过省略才能实现。例如，在莎士比亚作品中，“I found no man but he was true to me，”此处，but作为前置词支配主题“he was true to me。”
else……………….形容词：“any one else”(=any other one)；“nobody else”(=no other body，或person)。
………………………..副词：“Where else can such fruits be found?”
………………………..连词：“He must be sick，else he would have written to us .”
(注：“else”(古时候写作elles)是一个古英语el或al根的属格(所有格)，含义是other，它的各种变体的含义应该追溯到这个基础：例如，“any one else”=any one of other；“where else”=where of other (places)；“else he would have written”=of other (state or condition) he would have wrriten.)
enough……………副词：“He has been punished enough.”(他已经受够了惩罚。)
…………………………名词：“We have had enough of action.”(我们在行动上已做得足够。)
…………………………….形容词：“We have not enough men.”(尽管是一个省略了of的名词，但是主要还是形容词用法。)“I have not enough men：”在其位置上看是副词，主要还是当成形容词使用。
fast……………….形容词：“a fast horse.”
…………....………….副词：“You talk fast.”
“Fast”可以看作是数量庞大的通常用作副词的单音节形容词中的一种：例如，“to work hard，”“to speak loud，”“to rise high，”等等。在Anglo-Saxon和早期英语中，副记号的格式通过词尾标e表示，例如，hard(副词)，hard-e(副词)，当词尾e变得不发音而随后脱落掉以后，形容词和副词格式就变得一样了(见Morris，Historical Grammar,190页)。
for……………….前置词：“He works for his bread.”(他为生计面工作。) “for us”。
………………………..连词：“He pressed on,for his ambition was still unsatisfied.”(他继续努力，因为他的野心还未得到满足。)
full……………….形容词：“A full measure；”(满量程)“full satisfaction.”
………………………..副词：“full many a flower.”(full修饰many。)
hard……………….形容词：“hard wood；” “the diamond is hard.”
………………………..副词：“the lad studies hard.”(小伙子学习很用功。) “The castle stood hard by a forest”(这座城堡紧靠着森林。)(副记号修饰副词短语。)
however………….副词：“Death spares none，however powerful.”
………………………...连词：“However，he was not inclined to take that course.” “That course，however，he was not inclined to take.”
“However”，作为一个并列连词，是however it be的缩写格式，因此，从根本上来讲，是谓词。
like………….……….动词：“I like a rascal to be punished.”(我乐见无赖受到惩罚。)
………….……………..名词：“I ne’er shall look upon his like again.”(我再也不会看他的样子。)
………….…………..形容词：“I boy is like his mother.”(这个小男孩像他母亲。)
………….………………副词：“He talks like a fool.”(他说话像个傻子。)
这儿，副词like本身又被非谓语短语[to] a fool所修饰。
more………….………….形容词：“more pudding；”(更多布丁。) “more books.”
………….…………………….副词：“more beautiful；”(更多布丁。) “Sleep no more.”
………….…………………….名词：“He is speaking for more；” “Say no more.”
more作为形容词容易与用作副词混淆，即，如果我们不用“some pudding more；” 我们可以说“Some more pudding.”
near………….………….形容词：“The near approach of winter；”(冬季即将来临。) “Summar is near.”
………….…………………….副词：“Come near.”
………….…………………….前置词：“He sat near me.”
“Near”原本是一个形容词，但是需要充当副词的功能，并且位于前置词的最末。尽管看起来是形容词和副词的原级(positive degree)，实际上它是来自neah(=nigh)的比较级：例如，“the near(=the nearer) in blood，the nearer bloody.”—Shakespeare.
neads………….………….名词：“my needs are small.”
………….…………………….副词：“He needs must go.”(他必须去。)
(注：“needs”作为一个副词，是一个古旧用法的属格(所有格)单数：“He needs must go.”=He must of need [of necessity] go.)
………….…………………….动词：“He needs to go.”(他得去。)
now………….……………..副词：“go to bed now.”
………….…………………….连词：“Not this man，but Barrabas；now Barrabas was a robber.”
(不是这个人，而是Barrabas，因为Barrabas是个强盗。)
so…………….……………..副词：“so frowned the combatants；”“Richard is not so tall as Henry.”
………….…………………….连词：“There was nothing to be seen，so we went our way.”
“so”有时候有代词化的用法：例如，“Whether he is a genius or not，he is considered so.”(=genius) (不管他是否是一个天才，别人认为他是天才。) 确实，它具备泛化表达的能力：例如，“David was wise，Soloman was more so.”(=wise)(David很聪明，Soloman更为如此。) “If you are busy，say so.”(=that you are busy.)(如果你很忙，请直说。)
since…………….……………..前置词：“since the Flood；”“since yesterday.”
………….…………………………….连词：“Since you command，I must obey.”
………….…………………………….副词：“Two years have pasted，since last we met”
that…………….……………..形词：“that house；”“that pleasure.”
………….………………………代词化：“We heard the minister’s speech，but not that of the doctor.”
………….………………………关系代词：“The man that hath no music in himself.”
………….………………………连词：“We know that Mars has satelites.”
what………….……………..关系代词：“He obtained what he sought.”
………….………………………疑问代词：“What is the news?”
………….………………………形容词：“What is generosity and What with extravagance? the man was ruined.”
………….………………………感叹词：“What! Did Cæsar swoon?”
while………….……………..动词：“Thus we while away our time.”(我们就这样消磨时间。)
………….………………………名词：“I love to steal a while away.”(我喜欢偷偷溜一会儿。)
………….………………………副词：“I will watch while you sleep.”(我会看着你睡觉。)
worth………….…………….名词：“Worth makes the man.”(价值造就人。)
………….………………………形容词：“A ring he hath of mine worth forty ducats;” “To reign is worth ambition.”
很多文法学家将“worth”归类为前置词，“worth”具有前置词的结构，因为它认可其后的宾格，无需再介入前置词(——Worcester词典)，但是，它是一个形容词，且位于其后的名词是目的谓词(目的状语)：例如，“worth forty ducats”(=valuable by forty ducats.)。
来源：<<英语文法和写作>> William Swinton，1879 年版。
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