19世纪时,法国绘画在造型艺术中取得了压倒一切的地位。科学的飞速进步使人们既渴望发明和创新,又不断地产生厌倦,这就造成欣赏趣味上的巨大差异,并导致各派挺起、大放灿烂之花的繁荣局面。
雅克·路易·大卫(Jacques Louis David, 1748-1825)是法国大革命时期的杰出画家,新古典主义的开创者和奠基人。早年受业于皇家美术学院J.-M.维恩教授。1775~1780年居留罗马期间,沉浸在古典美的追求之中。1781年回国参加沙龙展览,《求乞的贝利萨里》使他崭露头角。
随着大革命的到来,艺术倾向从表现女性的肉感变为宣扬视死如归的坚强。追求共和制的资产阶级以历史上的罗马作为借鉴,本是再自然不过的;庞贝城的出土更激起对古典艺术崇拜的狂热;而大卫连续展出三幅歌颂古代英雄的力作《贺加斯兄弟的宣誓》1784、《苏格拉底之死》1787、《运送布鲁特斯儿子尸体的军士们》1789,无疑起到推波助澜的作用。在大卫笔下,不论是手执利刃的战士,还是披布于肩的哲人,无不刚毅坚强,勇于牺牲。其中,为维护共和而处决了两个儿子的布鲁图斯在阴影中黯淡神伤的形象尤其令人荡气回肠。
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