【英语学习】这个系列的文章，共99篇，这是第28篇！
塑造观点：定义 & 阐述
此篇讨论逻辑关系中的细分和举例，
即，如何以小见大来论述自己的论点。
1
细分：当论点中某个词过于抽象，可以从不同角度进行分类讨论时，我们就会采用细分的方式来论述。这样论述会更加充分具体。
常见标志词：
(1) For one thing, … For another, …
(2)First of all, ... Furthermore, ...
(3) First of all, … Moreover, … Last but not least, …
(4)The first ... is... Another is...
比如：
1. 论点句：Food conditions are better than before and are still being developed in a rapid pace.
细分讨论：First of all, foods are more hygienic. People today drink untainted mineral water, sterilized skim milk, which are cheaply supplied in supermarkets. Furthermore, foods are more nutritious. …
（论点句中的food conditions，在后面论述中被细分成 hygienic卫生 & nutritious营养 这两个角度）
2. 论点句：The children of indulgent or lenient parents are likely to grow up with several negative personality traits.
细分讨论：The first and most obvious danger is that these children will become self-centered adults who show little consideration for the feelings or needs of others. One consequence of such an attitude could be that these adults are unable to work successfully in teams with other colleagues. A second negative trait in such people could be impulsiveness. …
（论点句中的negative personality traits，在后面论述中被细分成 self-centered自私 & impulsiveness 冲动 这两个角度）
3. 论点句：Most answers fall back on the theories about the human mind and basic human needs.
细分讨论：One, set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century B.C., sees humans as naturally imitative-as taking pleasure in imitating persons, things, and actions and in seeing such imitations. Another, advanced in the twentieth century, suggests that humans have a gift for fantasy, through which they seek to reshape reality into more satisfying forms than those encountered in daily life. （托福阅读）
（论点句中的theories，在后面论述中被细分成 & one & another 这两个角度）
逻辑结构，不仅对我们的写作有帮助，也能提高我们的阅读速度。在例3中，完全可以在5秒内读懂这些选择托福阅读中的文字，如果此处有出题，则细读；如无相关题目，则跳读。
2
举例：当论点中某个词过于抽象时，读者或听众理解起来可能有些困难时，我们可以列举一些具体例子来让对方产生画面感，从而更好地理解这个论点。
常见标志词：
a. 泛例
(1) …, such as A, B and C, etc.
(2) For example/instance, …
b.具例
(3) Take Frank, a celebrity, as an example.
(4) Take me, for example.
比如：
1. Physical activity could be encouraged relatively cheaply, for example by installing exercise equipment in parks, as my local council has done. （选自剑桥雅思9考官范文）
（安装exercise equipment是鼓励physical activity的一个泛例）
2. 论点句：I believe technology can positively contribute to humans' keeping alive of traditional skills and ways of life.
举例：For example, the populations of some Pacific islands are too small to have regular schools. Their educational authorities have been able to use the Internet to deliver schooling online to the local children rather than sending them to the mainland. Also, the modern refrigeration technology has been used to keep alive the traditional ways of producing salmon. As a result, they can now be ordered from and delivered to anywhere in the world.
（Pacific islands是科技有助于keep alive of traditional skills and ways of life的具体案例）
3. 论点句：Schoolwork and the benefits of curricular activities tend to go by the wayside when adolescents work long hours.（+ 分论点1）
分论点2: In addition, educators have noticed less involvement in the extracurricular activities that many consider a healthy influence on young people.
举例：School bands and athletic teams are losing players to work, and sports events are poorly attended by working students. Those teens who try to do it all--homework, extra curricular activities and work--may find themselves exhausted and prone to illness.
举例：A recent newspaper story, for example, described a girl in Pennsylvania who came down with mononucleosis as a result of aiming for good grades, playing on two school athletic teams, and working thirty hours a week.（范文选自《美国大学英语写作》）
（分论点2中的extracurricular activities这个抽象词，接下来分别用了School bands, athletic teams, sports events这些具象词来列举泛例来让读者产生画面感）
（最后又用了一个小女孩因过渡工作而得病的具体事例来佐证整个段落的论点）
需要说明的是，举例的真正目的只是说明存在这样的情况，以及用具象词让读者或听众产生画面感，更加充分具体，但没有从逻辑上论证论点。因为从逻辑上来讲，存在某个或多个例子，并不能证明一定会发生。
这一点在逻辑要求很高的雅思写作中需要注意，不是不可以使用举例，而是不可以把它当成主要逻辑论述手段。
3
细分和举例的共同之处在于：
都是以小见大，将大的抽象词用小的具象词来具体论述；这个抽象词可以是动词，也可以是名词。
我们平时阅读和写作时需要注意这类抽象和具象的转化，同时积累相关表达。
比如：
1. human basic needs, such as food, shelter, and clothing
2. In most workplaces people use equipment such as computers, phones, printers, fax machines and photocopiers
列举具体例子，是一项被忽略的但其实很重要的表达技能。
细分和举例的区别在于：
细分是从不同角度进行切分，通常要求不重不漏。
举例是列举例子，告诉对方存在这种情况，不需要列举所有。
两者的相同和不同有时也那么明确，我们学习时不必纠结到底属于哪种，它们都只是论证的辅助手段。我们的重心应该放在抽象和具体(论点和论据)的学习和运用上。
比如：
1. Online shopping is faster, cheaper and more convenient. People can sit at home, search for the best deal, pay, and receive a delivery the next day.
（faster, cheaper, more convenient就是抽象论点，后面就是具象的动作细分，当然也可以看成是举例。总之，是具象用来支持抽象。）
2. Music can certainly reach across cultural and national boundaries and bring people together. Perhaps the best example of this would be the Live Aid concerts that took place back in the 1980s, and which were broadcast to a global audience. Two live events were held simultaneously in the UK and the US, and the objective was to raise funds for famine relief in Ethiopia. The concerts were a huge success, both in terms of the number of people around the world who watched them and their impact on international public awareness of the famine. They demonstrated, I believe, that music truly is the planet’s global language.
（第一句是抽象论点，后面是具体例子来支持论点，最后一句段内抽象总结）
总结
1.从不同角度切入，细分讨论
2.列举具体例子，以产生画面感
3.抽象和具象思维灵活转化
当前英语学习的问题：
英语学习的基本功：
英语学习的进阶：
语块的整理（1）：Travel and the environment
语块的整理（2）：People and relationships
语块的整理（3）：Leisure and lifestyle
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