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【英语学习】的进阶(5):逻辑结构 之 阐述

【英语学习】的进阶(5):逻辑结构 之 阐述

作者: 湖说英语 | 来源:发表于2020-03-02 20:52 被阅读0次

【英语学习】这个系列的文章,共99篇,这是第27篇!

有关逻辑关系中 定义 的文章:

【英语学习】的进阶(5):逻辑结构 之 定义

“定义”的习得与运用

写作口语常考话题的名词定义

此篇讨论逻辑关系中对观点/论点的阐述!

即,如何准确有效地表达你的观点/论点。

1

表达观点,一件非常简单的事情,但在教学中却发现有些学生不能准确表达自己的观点,经常出现答非所问的情况。

比如:

题目问:Why?

学生答:reasons ✅

题目问:What problems?

他还答:reasons ❌

以上现象可以归咎于英文考试;但仔细观察,我们会发现不仅考试中,就连日常生活中也存在很多答非所问的现象。

比如:

A问:今天中午吃什么?

B答:

昨天我刚吃过火锅,今天就不吃了吧;

现在也不是很饿,感觉吃饭也吃不太下;

肯德基也太油腻了吧,容易发胖;

大娘水饺路程稍微有点远了;

......

A卒!

在托福雅思等考试中,口语和写作输出型单项均要求考生表达自己的观点,并给予论证。

如:

1. People who served time in prison sometimes become good citizens later in their life. Some people believe that they are the best people to talk to school students about the danger of committing a crime. To what extent do you agree or disagree?(2018年雅思写作)

2. Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Students are more interested in politics than they were in the past. (2019.1.13托福写作)

3. If government officials need to know certain knowledge, which of the following do you think is the most important? (2019.2.23托福口语)

1.Law

2.Business

3.Military

我们往往建议学生,口语第一句即回答题目,写作开头段即表达出自己的观点/中心论点,以确保扣题。

比如第3题口语题,第一句就可以直接回答:I think the knowledge about business is the most important that government officials need to know.

之所以表达观点这么如此简单的事情,我们中国学生会有点吃力,或日常沟通中会受阻,是因为我们受传统文化的影响,思维习惯更偏向于“画圆圈”,尤其是拒绝别人时,总是先表达原因,以让对方更好的理解,最后再给出结论(甚至不给结论)。比如,女生拒绝男生时,经常会说:你很好,但我是怎样怎样,而你是怎样怎样,所以......

表达观点或沟通受阻,还有个原因是 没专注听或没听懂提问者的问题

对方明明问的是:我们到底分不分手?

回答的却是:你们吵架的原因。

诚然,这是感情问题,理不清也道不明;但平时对话或教学中,着实遇到很多答非所问的情况。

题目明明问的是:全球变暖所造成的影响是什么?

回答的却是:二氧化碳导致全球变暖,以及二氧化碳的来源,一通分析。

2

关于表达,在金字塔原理一书中,作者芭芭拉 明托总结为:

自下而上思考,自上而下表达

湖说|《金字塔原理》

大意是,我们在思考问题时可能考虑的是方方面面的细节,各方面综合权衡后得出了一个结论,即观点;但在表达出来时,最好先向对方表达你的结论,然后选择性地附上你的考虑。这种自上而下的表达方式更加高效。

问:今天中午吃什么?

思考:

昨天我刚吃过火锅,今天就不吃了吧;

现在也不是很饿,感觉吃饭也吃不太下;

肯德基也太油腻了吧,容易发胖;

大娘水饺路程稍微有点远了;

算了,就楼下麦当劳吧,辣翅还不错,嘻嘻😁

表达:今天中午吃麦当劳

如果对方问原因,再把刚刚考虑的内容有条理地表达出来;

如果对方直接同意,那这些思考过程完全没必要表达出来,直接可以走起来!

简洁高效,对么?

下面是我整理的剑桥雅思书后范文中的观点句:

题目1:Happiness is considered very important in life. Why is it difficult to define? What factors are important in achieving happiness? (剑4 Test 2)

范文观点句:

Happiness is very difficult to define because it means so many different things to different people. (全文第一句,回答why)

I think an ability to keep clear perspectives in life is a more essential factor in achieving happiness.(倒数第二段第一句,回答what)

题目2:In many countries schools have severe problems with student behaviour. What do you think are the causes of this? What solutions can you suggest? (剑4 Test 4)

范文观点句:

Poor student behaviour seems to be an increasingly widespread problem and I think that modern lifestyles are probably responsible for this. (全文第一句)

题目3:Research indicates that the characteristics we are born with have much more influence on our personality and development than any experiences we may have in life. Which do you consider to be the major influence?(剑5 Test 4)

范文观点句:

My own view is that there is no one major influence in a person's life. Instead, the traits we inherit from our parents and the situations and experiences that we encounter in life are constantly interacting. (第三段第一句;前两段为分析)

题目4:Successful sports professionals can earn a great deal more money than people in other professions. Some people think this is fully justified while others think it is unfair. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.(剑6 Test 2)

范文观点句:

Personally, I think that the amount of money such sports stars make is more justified than the huge earnings of movie stars. (结尾段第一句;中间两段讨论both views)

综上,观点/中心论点的表达:

1. 扣题(包含题目所有关键词)

2. 直接回答(句式可参考题目)

3. 通常简单句(后面再解释)

3

我们确定好自己的观点/中心论点/持方后,写作时往往还需要想出分论点,来支持观点。在分论点的表达上,我们来看一篇托福写作文章:

题目:Do you think the problems we face in today’s society can be solved during your lifetime?

范文:A current worldwide problem facing society is climate change. Although researchers believe that the current human-induced greenhouse gases could cause an extinction-level event for humans, this existential threat will not be solved in my life-time. (观点句)

主体段1第一句:First of all, society will not be able to address the complexities of climate change because many countries rely too much on fossil fuels.(分论点1)

主体段2第一句:Second of all, the unwillingness of major economic superpowers to work together will make solving climate change impossible.(分论点2)

主体段3第一句:Last of all, because the United Nations(UN) is seen by many as a toothless tiger, this political body, whose permanent members are United States, United Kingdom, China, Russia, and France, is unable to force countries to address the climate change issues in front of us.(分论点3)

结尾段:To sum up, climate change, like many societal problems, will not be solved in my lifetime.

从范文中我们可以总结出分论点的表达:

1. 明确支持观点/中心论点(包含题目主题词)

2. 言之有物(每段一个分论点)

3. 抽象概括(而不是其中某个理由或路径)

例如论点2,并没有展开为何不愿意,而是直接概括为unwillingness这样的抽象名词。这是我们学生最需要学习的地方。

4. 不重不漏(论点之间没有重合,且考虑全面周到)

总结

认真聆听对方的问题,确保听到,且听到全部信息;

若未能理解对方的问题,可以请求解释,确保听懂;

自上而下表达,结论先行;

分论点是中心论点某个方向的分支,即思考的不同角度。


当前英语学习的问题:

当前【英语学习】的问题(1)

当前【英语学习】的问题(2)

当前【英语学习】的问题(3)

英语学习的基本功:

【英语学习】的基本功(1)

【英语学习】的基本功(2)

【英语学习】的基本功(3)

英语学习的进阶:

【英语学习】的进阶(1):语块

语块的整理(1):Travel and the environment

语块的整理(2):People and relationships

语块的整理(3):Leisure and lifestyle

语块的整理(4):Work and study

语块的整理(5):Society and institutions

语块的整理(6):Basic concepts

语块的整理(7):Functions

【英语学习】的进阶(2):连读

英语语音的学习

【英语学习】的进阶(3):词根词缀

如何科学高效地搞定一本单词书?

【英语学习】的进阶(4):语法进阶 之 时态

【英语学习】的进阶(4):语法进阶 之 非谓语动词

【英语学习】的进阶(4):语法进阶 之 三大从句

【英语学习】的进阶(4):语法进阶 之 虚拟语气

中国学生写作三大错误:手贱、脑残、智障

【英语学习】的进阶(5):逻辑结构 之 定义

“定义”的习得与运用

写作口语常考话题的名词定义

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