英语的过去完成时表示表示过去的过去。
一、 概念： 表示过去的过去，
二、结构：had +过去分词。
三、和过去完成时连用的时间状语：“by +过去时间”的短语 如：by 10:00 last night.
1. 由时间状语来判定
一般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：
（1 ）by + 过去的时间点。如：
I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.
（2 ）by the end of + 过去的时间点。如：
We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.
（3 ）before + 过去的时间点。如：
They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
2. 由“过去的过去”来判定。
过去完成时表示“过去的过去”，是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的用过去完成时，在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在：
（1 ）宾语从句中
当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如：
She said that she had seen the film before.
（2 ）状语从句中
在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发生有先后关系，动作在前的，要用过去完成时，动作在后的要用一般过去时。如：
After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.
注意：before, after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于before 和after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都用一般过去时。如：
After he closed the door, he left the classroom.
（3）表示意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，用过去完成时表示"原本…，未能…"
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
3. 根据上、下文来判定。
I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.
四、 用法：
1. 表示某一动作在过去某一时刻之前已完成。例如:
He had gone to bed by 10:00 last night. (昨夜十点钟之前他已上床去睡了。)
2. 与一般过去时搭配，表达某一动作在过去的动作发生时已完成。例如：
The train had started when I got to the station. (当我到达车站时火车已开走了。)
The minute I saw a lady getting off the bus, I knew it was she, for I had seen her before. (我一看到正在下公共汽车的那位女士就知道是她，因为我以前看见过她。)
解说： 使用过去完成时在简单句里表达某一动作在过去的某一时刻已完成时，该过去的时刻常以“by +过去时间”的短语来表达。
例如下面的说法是不正确的：
He had gone to bed at 10:00 last night.
若是要说“at 10:00 last night”就必须用一般过去时“He went to bed...”。 请再观察下面的句子试比较：
It had rained yesterday. (误)
It rained yesterday.(正)
或许你会说：“昨天下了雨，可是今天已放晴了，下雨已是过去的事，而且已经下完了，所以就用过去完成时……。”这就是最令同学们对一般过去时和过去完成时感到混淆和困惑的。实际上只要我们了解下面的两点原则就可以消除这种现象。
1. 由过去的时间作状语来修饰动词的句子都使用一般过去时。
2. 除非从谈话的先后关系和上下文关系对过去的动作完成的基准点可以确定以外，应该避免在简单句中使用过去完成时。
五、过去完成时常见句型
过去完成时既可表示过去某个时间或动作之前所发生的事情，也可表示过去某个时间或动作之前所发生的动作一直持续到过去某个时间，下面是小编为大家精心整理的过去完成时的常见句型，一起来看一下吧！
1．“主句（had done）, before + 过去时间状语 ”
I had reached the station before six o'clock.
六点之前我已到达车站。
2. “用在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句，表示动作发生在这些动词之前。”
She said that she had never been to Paris.（她说她从未去过巴黎。）
3．“用在 Hardly(scarcely, barely)…when…, No sooner…than…句型中”
Hardly had I got home when the rain poured down. （我刚到家大雨就倾盆而下。）
4．“By the time + 从句（did/was/were）, 主语 + had done…”
By the time we arrived, everyone had received medical care.（我们到达时，每个人已接受了医疗护理。）
5．“主语 +had done…, before 从句（did/was/were）”
Fortunately, the population had left the village before the volcano erupted.（幸运的是，火山喷发前人们已离开了村庄。）
6．“主语 +had done…, when 从句（did/was/were）”
No sooner had he left home than it began to rain. （他一离开家天就下起雨来。）
7．“用在 It /This/That was the first…time + that 从句 （had done）中”
It was the third time that he had made the same mistake. （这是他第三次犯同样的错误了。）
8．“用在It was/had been + 一段时间 + since 从句 （had done）中”
It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.（十年我们都没这麽高兴了。）
9．“用在 wish 后的宾语从句中，表示与过去事实相反。”
I wished that he hadn't made such a mistake. （我希望他从未犯过这样的错误。）
10．“用于表示与过去事实相反的if 虚拟条件句中”
If she had seen you yesterday, she would have told you the truth.（如果她昨天见过你，她会告诉你事实的真相。）
六、英语过去完成时测试练习题10（含答案）
1．He asked me ____ during the summer holidays.
A. where I had been B. where I had gone
C. where had I been D. where had I gone
2. What ___ Jane ____ by the time he was sever?
A. did, do B. has, done
C did, did. D. had, done
3. I ______ 900 English words by the time I was ten。
A. learned B. was learning
C. had learned D. learnt
4. She ______lived here for ______ years.
A. had, a few B. has, several
C. had, a lot of D. has, a great deal of
5. By the time my parents reached home yesterday, I _____ the dinner already.
A had cooked B. cooked
C. have cooked D. was cooked
6. She said she __________ the principle already
A .has seen B. saw
C. will see D. had seen
7. She said her family _______ themselves ______ the army during the war.
A. has hidden, from B. had hidden, from
C. has hidden, with D. had hidden, with
参考答案：
1.A
2.D
3.C
4.A
5.A
6.D
7.B
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