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what is stoicism？A definition
什么是斯多葛哲学？ 诠释。
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For those of us who live our lives in the real world，there is one branch of philosophy created just for us：stoicism .
对于生活在现世的人来说，有一个哲学学派是专门为我们创立的：斯多葛学派。
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A brief synopsis and definition on this particular school of hellenistic philosophy：stoicism was found in Athen by zeno of citium in the early 3rd century BC,but was famously practiced by the likes of Epictetus,Seneca and Marcus Aurelius. The philosophy asserts on behavior,rather than words.That don't control and cannot rely on external events,only ourselves and our responses.
这个希腊学院派系的哲学的一个简单的框架和定义就是：公元前3世纪古希腊哲学家芝诺提出，不过是在埃皮克提图、塞内卡以及马可·奥里利乌斯传播开来，流行起来。哲学家们将美德是幸福和行动判断的标准，而不仅仅是语言。我们不能控制并且不能依靠外部的事件，而是需要由我们自己来回应生活的一切。
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stoicism has just a few central teachings. It sets out to remind us of how unpredictable the world can be.How brief our moment of life is.how to steadfast,and strong,and in control of yourself.And finally,that the source of our dissatisfaction lies in our impulsive dependency on our reflexive senses rather than logic.
斯多葛学派只有为数不多的中心论点，提醒着我们这个世界是多么的不可预测，生命如梭，如何强大自己的内心，并且控制自我。最后是，我们的欲望的沟壑无法满足是因为我们自身的条件反射而不是逻辑思想。
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Stoicism doesn't concern itself with complicated theories about the world,but with helping us overcome destructive emotions and act on what can be acted upon. It's built for action,not endless dabate.
斯多葛学派没有高深的学问，更多的是普世的，可以实践每一天的生活哲学，帮助我们度过情绪低落的时期，再让我们情绪高涨起来，在于行动，而不是无止尽的辩论。
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It had three principle leaders.Marcus Aurelius，the emperor of the roman empire，the most powerful man on earth,sat down each day to write himself notes about restraint,compassion and humility.Epictetus endured the horrors of slavery to found his own school where he taught many of rome's greatest minds. Seneca,when Nero turned on him and demanded his suicide,could think only of comforting his wife and friends.
斯多葛学派的三个代表人物，分别是埃皮克提图、塞内卡以及马可·奥里利乌斯。马可·奥里利乌斯是罗马帝国的君王，最具权威的人物，每天都会坐下来记录自身克制、怜悯和谦逊的生活部分。埃皮克提图忍受的非人的奴役生活到创建自己的学院，在学院中教授罗马最伟大的思想。塞内卡，当尼罗向他发怒并勒令他去自杀，当这一刻却只考虑到自己的妻子和朋友们，并安慰他们。
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But it is not only those three——stoicism has been practiced by kings，presidents，artists，writers and entrepreneurs.Both historical and modern men illustrate Stoicism as a way of life.
但不仅仅只有这些——斯多葛哲学为王国，总统，艺术家，作家，企业家所习之，无论是古代还是现代都可以以斯多葛自居。
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Prussian king，Frederick the Great，was said to ride with the works of the stoics in his saddlebags because they could，in his words，“sustain you in misfortune”.Meanwhile,montaigne,the politician and essayist,had a line from Epictetus carved into the beam above the study in which he spent most of his time.
普鲁士国王，腓特烈大帝将斯多葛哲学装进挎包里，上面写着：“让自己停在不幸中”。与此同时，政治评论家蒙田将Epictetus的话刻在自己的木梁上，花费大量的时间在学习它们上面。
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The founding fathers were also inspired by the philosophy.George Washington was introduced to Stoicism by his neighbors at age seventeen,and afterwards,put on a play about Cato to inspire his men in that dark winter at Valley Forge.whereas Tomas Jefferson had a cope of Seneca on his nightstand when he died.
开国君王也被哲学鼓舞，乔治华盛顿在他17岁的时候经邻居介绍接触到了斯多葛哲学，自那之后斯多葛的哲学智慧就一直相伴其左右。鼓舞着深陷黑暗福吉谷冬天的人们。托马斯杰弗逊直到去世那一天还将Seneca的文本放在床头。
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The economist Adam Smith’s theories on the interconnectedness of the world——captitalism——were significantly influenced by the Stoicism that he studied as a schoolboy，under a teacher who had translated Marcus Aurelius' works.
经济学家亚当斯密理论中的互联性——资本主义——极大的被斯多葛哲学影响，当他还是学生的时候，老师就给他们教授Marcus Aurelius的文献。
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The political thinker，john stuart Mill，wrote of Marcus Aurelius and Stoicism in his famous treatise On Liberty，calling it“the highest ethical product of the ancient mind.”
政治思想家约翰·斯密福特·米尔，将Marcus Aurelius和斯多葛哲学写入他最著名的著作《论自由》中，并陈述“这是古代思想产中最高的道德的产物”。
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Stoicism differs from most existing schools in one important sense：its purpose is practical application.it is not a purely intellectual enterprise.
斯多葛学派相区别于其他已存在的学派最重要的一个因素就是：它的目的在于应用，并不是一个智力工厂。这是一种可以让我们生活的更好、与朋友与其他人相处更好的工具。
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It’s easy to gloss over the fact that Marcus Aurelius was the Roman Emperor without turly absorbing the gravity of that position.Emperors were Deities，ordinary men with direct access to unlimited wealth and adulation.Before you jump to the conclusion that the Stoics were dour and sad men,ask yourself,if you were a dictator,what would your diary look like?
一个非常容易掩盖的事实是Marcus Aurelius是一位没有真正吸收斯多葛哲学意义的罗马帝王，因为帝王都是神一般的存在，可以轻易地获得无尽的财富和谄媚。在你给无趣、少言、悲惨的斯多葛式的人们下定义之前，问问你自己，如果你是一个独裁者，你的日记会写些什么？
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斯多葛式的文献更接近一种瑜伽练习，或者是一本正式的哲学书前的预热部分，这部分在生活中最具批判价值，也是为哲学般的生活所准备的。
斯多葛式的练习，更广泛的被认为是一种“精神锻炼”，可以让他们更强大。
英文部分出自翻墙之外的网站，中文部分由我翻译，侵删。
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