总纲：英语的复杂归根结底是修饰成分的复杂。
定语
词间的修饰
①形容词
观点类形容词 — 个人主观看法（good, bad, lovely, handsome）
描绘性形容词 — 描述事物的特征的（形状，新旧，颜色，国籍，材料）
排列顺序：限（包含尺寸）、观、形、龄、色、国、材
|县-限定词: 尺寸:large small big
官-观点: good bad beautiful
行-形状: round square triangular
令-龄 表示新旧: new old ancient
杀-色 表示颜色
国-国 表示国籍
才-才 表示材质:wooden stone gold
栗子
一个中国古代著名的诗人。A famous ancient Chinese poet。
一件很小的白色毛衣。a small white sweater.
一架棕色的英式旧钢琴。An old brown British piano.
那个女孩当时手里拿着一个小蓝塑料瓶。The girl was carrying a small blue plastic bottle.
②介词短语
桌子上的iPad iPad on the table.
③名词作定语
咖啡杯 coffee cup 路灯 street light
④动名词做定语
赛车 racing car 开幕词 opening speech
⑤不定式做定语（名词+ to do）
我有一封要写的信。I have a letter to write.
我要一支能写字的笔。I need a pen to write with！（write with pen 而不是write pen，所以要加with）
她有四个要照顾的孩子。She has four kids to take care of.
你得带几件换洗的衣服。You have to take some clothes to change.
⑥分词作定语
现在分词：主动进行，正在发生。
过去分词：被动进行，已经完成
沸腾的水 Boiling water 开过的水boiled water
发展中国家 Developing country 发达的国家 Developed country
来自艰难谋生维持家用的父亲的信。 The letter from the father struggling to pay his bills.
用句子修饰 — 定语从句
两大核心
先行词：要进行修饰限定的词（词“名词，he, that/those, one”）
关系词
关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that——代词：代替先行词作成分
关系副词：where, when, why——连词，连接主句和从句
栗子
I have a crush on that girl. The girl is wearing a pair of sunglasses.合并： I have a crush on that girl who is wearing a pair of sunglasses.
A rich person is not the one who has the most but is the one who need the least.一个真正富有的人不是拥有的多，而是需要的少。
when引导定语从句，先行词必须是表示时间的名词（day，year，time等）且必须在从句中作状语。
栗子1
I'll never forget the day when I met you.我不会忘记见到你的那天。
拆分：I will never forget the day. I met you on that day.（on that day在句中作状语，相当于when）
=>I will never forget the day on which I met you.（which是关系代词，相当于the day，所以用which 代替when时，需要加on。
栗子2
I'll always remember the days which we spent together.我会一直记得我们在一起的日子。
拆分：I'll always remember the days.we spent the days together.（the days在这里作宾语，所以不能用when，只能用which，when是要作状语的）
where引导定语从句，先行词必须是表示地点的名词（place， house等）且必须在从句中作状语。
Is there any place where I can learn grammar?有我可以学习语法的地方吗？（where引导定语从句，修饰place，且在从句中作状语）
This is the park which we talked about yesterday.这是我们昨天说过的那个公园。（which引导定语从句，修饰park，且在从句中做宾语）
I don't want to be part of a world where being kind is a weakness.我不想成为善良是弱点的世界的一员。（where引导定语从句，修饰world，且在从句中作状语）
为什么有时关系词前会有介词？
从句中的固定搭配（动词，形容词）
The girl with whom you were talking is my cup of tea.（with是和动词talk搭配的）talk with the girl，with可以放在后面和talk一起，这样是不算错的，但习惯用法是放在前面。
He is a best man on whom I think you can depend.（depend on）
That is a fact at which he is surprised.（be surprised at）
到底是用which，还是用that？
1. 先行词是all ，much，little ，few，the one等不定代词。或是由no-，every-， some-，any- 组成的词（如something，nothing, everything），关系代词一般只用that，不用which。
All that glitters is not gold. 发光的不一定都是金子。用的all做先行词，所以用that。
What he said has nothing that is useful. 他没说一句有用的。先行词是nothing，所以用that。
2.先行词前被any, only, all, every, no, some, much, few, little，序数词，最高级，the last等修饰时，关系代词一般只用that，不用which。
It made me realize you're the best thing that happened to me… （这件事让我意识到你是发生在我身上最好的事情）先行词thing被最高级best修饰，关系代词用that。
It is the only thing that will unite them. 这是唯一能让他们团结起来的事情。先行词thing被only修饰，关系代词用that。
他是当时唯一在场的人。He is the only man that was present. man前有only修饰，所以用that。
You are the last person that I want to see。你是我最不想看到的人。 person前有the last修饰，用that。
超级好用的as：用来代替整个主句，语义延展更广。
栗子1：就像人们常说的，人工智能是把双刃剑，既可以用于造福，也可以用来为害。
分析：①主句是“人工智能是把双刃剑”，②双刃：two + edged，数词加名词+ed构成一个组合形容词（分词形容词造词法）。③既可以用于造福，也可以用来为害 是定语修饰双刃剑。④用来：be used to do/for。⑤可以造福，可以为害，同等地位用equally。
第一步：AI is a two-edged sword（weapon） which can be used equally for good or evil.
第二步：AI is a two-edged sword（weapon） which can be used equally for good or evil is so often pointed out.
第三步，主语过长，用as代替。翻译：As is so often pointed out, AI is a two-edged sword（weapon） which can be used equally for good or evil.
栗子2：如图所示，爱是一盏灯，愈暗处，愈光明。
翻译：As can be seen in the picture，love is a lamp which is brighter in darker places。
分析：①主句：爱是一盏灯：love is a lamp。②愈暗处愈光明：光明：bright→比较级brighter；黑暗：dark→比较级darker。which is brighter in darker places。③如图所示→能被看到→can be seen in the picture。④用as代替love is a lamp which is brighter in darker places。
栗子3：这个电影因过于暴力而受到批评是正常的。
翻译：As is very natural, the film was criticized for being too violent.
分析：①主句：电影受到批评是正常的，“因过于暴力”是原因状语。②The film was criticized for being too violent is normal.③用as代替主语。
As常用句：
as is well known 众所周知 as is often the case 常常如此
as may be imagined 可以想象的出 as often happens 这种情况常常发生
as is hoped 正如所希望的 as is usual with sb （某人）经常如此/总是这样
状语：时间，地点，原因，结果，方式，频率…
1.副词做状语
talk loudly , walk slowly , work hard
2.介词词组做状语
①I live quite near my office. 表示地点
②He knows what will happen in the future. 表示时间
3.非谓语形式作状语。不定式，分词
①不定式作状语
We'd better start early, so as to catch the train.（目的）为了赶火车，我们最好早点出发。
To speak english well, you have to learn grammar well.（目的）为了说好英语，你就得把语法学好。
②分词做状语
That's the man sit down with me and our girls for dinner nearly every night，patiently answering Their questions about issues in the news，and strategizing about middle school friendships.他至今仍每晚和我跟女儿一起吃晚餐，耐心地回答他们关于新闻和时事的问题，为她们在学校交朋友的事儿出谋划策。
4.状语从句：用一整句话充当状语 — 时间，地点，原因，方式，让步（退一步，哪怕，虽然，倘若）…
本质：表明分句之间的逻辑关系。
①地点：Where +陈述句：地点状语从句：用一句话来表示状语。
Now, stay exactly where you are. —《神探夏洛克》
Go back where you came from.（Cold Mountain）从哪儿来，回哪儿去!
Where there is love there is home. 有爱的地方才是家。
Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者事竟成。
哪里有压迫，哪里就有反抗。Where there is oppression, there is resistance.
无风不起浪。Where there is smoke, there is fire。
只要有工厂的地方，空气污染就会很严重。Where there are factories, there will be air pollution. Air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.
当你停止与人比较，个性自然会显现出来。Personality begins where comparison ends. —Karl Lagerfeld
The final film begins where last wear's Avengers：Infinity war ended, when several beloved heroes appeared to turn to dust.最后一部电影以去年的《复仇者联盟3：无限战争》结束的地方为开端，当时几位深受观众喜爱的超级英雄几乎都化为了灰烬。
②目的：so that , in order that , so as to…
I turned down the TV in order that my mom could sleep well.（关掉：turn off；关小：turn down；调大：turn up）为了让妈妈睡好觉，我把电视声音调小了。
Planning is bringing the future into the present so that you can do something about it now. —Alan Lakein计划就是把未来带到当下一遍，你此刻展开行动。 —亚他·拉凯恩
③结果：so…that , such…that
I was so late that I didn't get on the train.我起晚了，以至于没赶上火车。
雨太大了，根本走不动。It's raining so hard that we can hardly move forward.
④方式：as , like , as if , as though（用…方法，通过…方式）
I should have done as you said.我听你的就好了。
他对待那个男孩就跟自己亲儿子似的。He treats the boy as if the boy were his son.（as if：虚拟语气。在虚拟语气中，be动词用were）
Work like you don't need money. 去工作吧，犹如你不需要金钱。
Love like you've never been hurt. 去爱吧，犹如你从未被伤害过。
Dance like nobody's watching. 去舞蹈吧，犹如无人在旁凝视。
Sing like nobody's listening. 热爱生活吧，犹如这里是人间乐土。
⑤比较
（1）as +形容词/副词+ as: 否定句中第一个as可用so代替。
（2）than 核心：同类事物才能比较。
I love you more than he does.我比他更爱你。（我爱你与他爱你作比较）
（3）倍数
1.倍数+比较级 结构 A is three times bigger than B. A是B的三倍
2.倍数+ as…as 结构 A is three times as big as B.
3.倍数+名词 结构 A is three times the size of B.
栗子1：这张桌子的长度是那个的三倍。
This table is three times longer than that one.
This table is three times as long as that one.
This table is three times the length of that one.
栗子2：这个手袋的价格是那个的三倍。
The handbag is exactly three times more expensive than that one。
The handbag is exactly three times the price of that one.
（4）the more…，the more…
注意：这里的比较级部分必须在各自的分句中充当一定的成分。
The more risk there is, the more profit there might be。风险越大，收益越高。
The greater the struggle, the more glorious the triumph. -Nick Vujicic奋斗越努力，胜利越辉煌。
The more you own, the more it weighs you down？你拥有的越多，负累也就越重。（权利的游戏）
The more you learn, the less you fear.你学的越多，怕的越少。
⑥让步：though, although, even though, even if. 此时主句前无but，但可以有yet或still。
Although I didn't know anybody at the party, I had a very good time.虽然聚会上的人我一个也不认识，但我还是很高兴的。
It still won't work even if you kick it.就算你踢他也不好使。
虚实之间 enen if 🆚 even though
even if：表决心，虚拟 even though：实际
Even if it rains tomorrow，we won't change our plan.（假设会发生，是一种决心的表明）即使明天下雨，我们也不改变计划。
He went out even though it was raining.（实际上真的发生了）尽管下着雨，但他还是出去了。
便纵有千种风情，更与何人说？Even though I have many delicate feelings to share，who can I speak to？
便作春江都是泪流不尽许多愁。Even if my tears turn into a stream in May, still it can't carry all my grief away.
⑦原因：because, as和since
because：引导的从句线的比主句重要，强调原因。
since：引导的从句显得次要，而主句重要，以说明将要做什么事。
因为免税店排了好长的队，我差点误机。I almost missed my flight because there was a long queue in the duty-free shop.
我的朋友不喜欢我，因为我太帅了。（不说because，就没人知道原因，感到好奇，强调主句重要）My friends don't like me because I'm too handsome.
既然你是英语专业的，我猜你可以帮助我翻译这篇文章。（双方对这个原因多少知道点，用since，主句更重要）Since you are an English major, I guess you can help me with this sentence.
既然我们来了，我们就停下来看一看。We thought that since we are in the area, we'd stop by and have a look.
⑧时间
when as while 终极分析
when 本义： 1. 当…时 2.正在那时；突然
动词性质：动词性质 延续性短暂性皆可
动作时间：1.主句动作从句动作同时发生；2.先后发生
while 本义：1.与…同时；2.在…期间
动词性质：延续性
动作时间：同时发生
as 本义：1.一边…一边；2.随着；3.当
动词性质：延续性短暂性皆可
动作时间：同时发生
栗子
1.I was sleeping when you telephone me.（长动作用进行，短动作用一般过去时）你打电话给我的时候，我正在睡觉。
2.Strike while the iron is hot.趁热打铁。
3.I will take care of this while the boss's away.在老板离开的这段时间，我全权负责。
4.I was walking along the road when suddenly someone patted me on the shoulder from behind.我在路上走得时候，突然有人从后面拍了我的肩膀。（when suddenly：两者都有突然的含义，放在一起，互相加持，起强化作用）
其他引导词：whenever, by the time, next time, every time等
Whenever you say "I love you", mean it. whenever you say "I'm sorry"，look the person right in the eyes.当你说“我爱你”的时候，要真诚。当你说“对不起”的时候，要看着对方的眼睛。
补语：对名词成分进行补充
宾语补足语
1.不定式（to do）
Father will not allow us to play on the street.（如果没有后面的不定式作补语，句子的意思不完整，所以需要补充）爸爸不让我们在街上玩耍。
We believe him to be guilty.我们认为他有罪。
2.名词
At the meeting we elected him monitor.在会议上，我们选他做班长。
I think your brother a clever boy.我认为你的兄弟是个聪明的男孩。
3.形容词
What you said made your mother angry.你说了什么让你妈妈生气了。
I found the classroom empty.我发现教室是空的。
4.现在分词
We heard him singing in the hall.我们听到他在大堂唱歌。
I find those students studying very hard.我发现这些学生学习特别用功。
5.过去分词
He saw his face reflected in the water.他看到他的脸倒影在水中。（注意：倒影 → reflected）
I heard it spoken of in the next room.我听到隔壁有人提到它。
主语补足语：原本的宾语变成了主语，原本的宾补跟着宾语变成了主补。
I saw him playing basketball yesterday.宾补
He was seen playing basketball yesterday.主补
He was found dead in a berlin hotel room.（Captain America ：Civil War）
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