英语语法笔记整理 第四期

非限制性定从

1.不用逗号隔开——限制性定从

作用: 用来提供必要的信息，以说明定从所修饰的先行词的身份或性质，或用来限制先行词所指的范围。若去掉限制性定从，则主句部分含义不明确，意义不完整。

I don't like people.

I don't like people who never keep their words.

2.用逗号隔开——非限制性定从

作用:用来提供附加的而非必要的信息，只是对先行词作进一步的解释，补充或说明。若去掉非限，整个主句意义一样很明确，不会引起误解和歧义。

Criticism can create high levels of stress, which can lead to burnout.

英语语法笔记整理 第四期

I can't give you the formula for success, but I can give you the formula for failure, which is trying to please everyboy.

非限制写作应用

Some people argue that…has some merits, which can be listed as follows. First and foremost,…, Additionally,…

Initially

Additionally

Consequently/ Accordingly 最后地

与as引导的非限有关的作文精品句型

As is seen from the chart,…

As is vividly depicted in the cartoon above,

As is apparently illustrated by the pictures above,

As can be notioned from the table/ graph/ figure, there is a marked increase/decline/ favorable change in

favorable——good

unfavorable——bad

As is known to all, vital and significent is English, which is well-known all over the world.

先行词和引导词分隔现象

1.先行词+其他成分+定从

The film brought the hour (back to me) when I was taken good care of it that far-away village.

英语语法笔记整理 第四期 英语语法笔记整理 第四期

advantage——merit, cutting edge, a relatively beneficial factor

disadvantage——drawback, handicap, detriment, a relatively unfavorable factor

对比观点作文万能第一句

There is no denying the fact that…has been a prevalent and pervasive topic with which university students are confronted. And there is no consensus of opinion among people concerning(about) the controversial issue.

定语从句翻译原则

1.前置法: 若定从结构简短，把从句翻译成带“的”的词组，放置于被修饰的词之前

2.拆分法: 若定从结构复杂，需拆分为两句翻译，并重复先行词

Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed.

电视方式之一，通过这种方式，人们创造和传递情感

In the new world of work, you can look forward to being in constant training to acquire new skills that will help you keep up with advanced technologies and procedures.

Social science is a branch which seeks to study humans and their endeavors 行为(in the systematic manner )that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.

Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry/ which seeks to study human and their endeavors/ in the same reasoned, orderly, and systematic manner /that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.(4个小句)

Anyone whose goal is"something higher"must expect someday to sufffer vertigo, what is vertigo? Fear of falling? No, vertigo is something other than fear of falling. It is the voice of the emptiness below us which tempts and lures us. It is the desire to fall against which we defend ourselves.

长难句的阅读及其翻译方法

1.分析和拆分结构

基本原则  拆分主从句(复合句)

拆分主干和修饰(简单句)

利用信号词

1.连词——and，but, yet, or, for连接并列词的连词

——when,as, since,until, before, after,where, because,though,although,so that 连接状从的连接词

2.关系词

——who, whom, whose, what, which, whatever, whichever, when, where, how, why

3.介词——on, in , with, at ,of, to

4.不定式符号——to

5.分词:过去分词和现在分词构成修饰语

6.标点符号

最后，调整翻译语序

定语的语序

中文的定语一般在修饰词之前，英文简单定语在前，复杂定语(短语或定从)通常在后

前置法: 简单定语译为“的”结构

拆分法:复杂定语单独译为一句，重复先行词

状语的语序

简单状语放在修饰动词之前，复杂状语(状从)放在整个句子主干之前或之后翻译

逻辑顺序:前因后果多主动

状语从句

1.九类状从:时间，地点，原因，目的，结果，条件，让步，比较，方式

2.用连词将几个分句连接起来，以表达分句之间的特定的逻辑关系

时间状语从句

When you consciously undergo a major life transition, be patient with yourself.

如何区分when引导的定从和时间状从

When you read books, you had better make a mark at the spot where you have any question. 定从(有先行词)

When you read books, you had better make where you have any question.

判断原则:若定从，则where前必有被修饰的地点名词

若where前无地点名词，则为地点状从

条件状从 常用连词:if

Fear is your best friend or your wrost enemy. It is like fire. If you can control it, it can cook for you or heat your house. If you can't, it will burn everything around you, even destroy you.

If you are not born to be intelligent, please make sure that you are at least diligent.

若非天赋异禀，但愿足够奋进

If winter comes, can spring be far behind?

Cor Cordium 众心之心

Nothing of him that doth fade

But doth suffer a sea-change

Into something rich and strange.(雪莱墓志铭)

Pardon me for not getting up. (海明威墓志铭)

The most perfect contraction.

(The founder of The Deader's Digest –Dwight Wallace)

37,22,35(Marilyn Monroe)

让步状从(弱转折)

Although the world is full of suffering, it is also full of the overcoming of it.(Hellen keller)

纵有苦难千万种，亦存正道万般

As引导的让步倒装句

adj/adv/分词/名词(无冠词，可以裸奔)+as+主语+谓语动词

Young/Child as he is, he is knowledeable.

Vital/Essential/Indispensable as English is,

As引导的让步倒装句的写作应用

(引出另一种观点)Wonderful as…is, however, it is not without shortcoming.

正常语序的让步状从

Despite/ In spite of all the merits, they bring their own negative effects.

1.图画/图表作文

Simple as the picture is, the symbolic meaning should be considered with more insight.

2.话题性作文

Indispensable as…is, its unfavorable factors are apparent to be found in the following aspects.

We all had that one(强调) close person in our lives, who is now a stranger.

定语从句难点

先行词+介词+which/whom

1.将介词和先行词搭配

2.将介词和从句中的谓语搭配

3.表所属关系或部分整体关系时用介词of

在介词of前常出现的词:all, each,both,either, neither, many, some, most, half, the majority, 数字最高级

of 放句首表范围

Of all the countries, China will be the best.

Of all my students, you will top(作v.) the best.

The first time that the question"what is at the bottom of ocean?"had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed.

英语语法笔记整理 第四期