笃学奖-topic1-B17465-甘比精读

作者: 加菲2 | 来源:发表于2017-02-27 21:40 被阅读0次

Day1

1、perpetual

Use the adjective perpetual to describe something that never ends or changes. If you're a perpetual procrastinator, your dilly-dallying ways are never going to improve.

“hell's perpetual fires”

“the perpetual struggle to maintain standards in a democracy”

2、falsify

To falsify is to alter or mangle something, like a message or document, in a way that distorts the meaning.

Since false things aren't true, to falsify something is to dishonestly change its meaning. If a friend tells you a story, and then you retell the story but change important facts, you falsified the story. If you lie in court — commit perjury — you're falsifying the facts. Faking someone else's signature is another type of falsifying, as is lying on your resume. Anytime you misrepresent the truth, you're falsifying.

“She falsified the records”

“falsify the data”

“Falsify a claim”

3、deflection

a turning aside (of your course or attention or concern)

“a deflection from his goal”

He stopped a deflection by Zajac in close in the final minute.

He ranks second in the NBA for deflections and third in contested shots.

Lehtera added a goal midway through the third on a deflection of Pietrangelo’s shot and the Sharks never threatened after that.

4、foil

You can serve as a foil to someone if you show them to be better than you by contrast. If you can't dance but your friend Lisa can, you can be a foil to Lisa's grace.

If you're having trouble remembering this definition, think about a shiny piece of tin foil. It reflects an image back to you, so if you're a foil to someone, their image is reflected off of you in a positive light. Your brother's mediocre grades might serve as a foil to your intelligence. As a verb, if you foil someone's plans or attempts to do something, you cause them to fail. Your brother will be really mad if you foil his plans to hide his mediocre report card from your parents.

1.v hinder or prevent (the efforts, plans, or desires) of

2.nv a piece of thin and flexible sheet metal

3.nv anything that serves by contrast to call attention to another thing's good qualities

4.n a light slender flexible sword tipped by a button

5.n a device consisting of a flat or curved piece (as a metal plate) so that its surface reacts to the water it is passing through

“foil your opponent”

“the photographic film was wrapped in foil”

“foil mirrors”

“pretty girls like plain friends as foils”

“In this picture, the figures are foiled against the background”

5、an artillery shell炮弹

Artillery refers to large-caliber guns — guns with big barrels — which can be moved from one place to another for land battles. The artillery is also the name for the army unit that uses these big guns.

1.n large but transportable armament

2.n a means of persuading or arguing

6、compelling

Compelling means attractive, or irresistible, or really, really convincing. You know your argument for backpacking across Europe is compelling when your parents not only let you go but also pay for all your expenses.

To compel is to drive or force into action––you mom could compel you to finish your homework by threatening not to feed you until it's done. A compelling argument compels you to agree with its logic––it's irresistible. That cute skirt you’ve been eyeing for months is now 75% off? The price is a compelling reason to buy the skirt.

“new and compelling evidence”

7、apparatus

Your apparatus is the collective equipment you use for specific purposes. For example, the apparatus used for scuba diving includes goggles, flippers, and a breathing tank, while a surgeon’s apparatus includes various scalpels and clamps. Different activities, different apparatuses.

The noun apparatus evolved from the Latin apparātus, meaning "equipment or preparation." It might refer to one item, (a breathing apparatus) or a group of items (sports apparatus). Here’s a spelling tip: often, when a word ends in -us, the plural ending changes to i — “alumnus/alumni,” “focus/foci.” However, apparatus is part of the group that doesn't change — words like “virus/viruses” or “census/censuses.” This means the plural is either apparatus or apparatuses, though the latter is more common.

(anatomy) a group of body parts that work together to perform a given function

“the breathing apparatus”

8、collider

an accelerator in which two beams of particles are forced to collide head on

9、immortal

Immortal describes what will never die. Do you like vampires? Those blood-suckers are immortal, and will live forever — except, of course, if you drive a stake through their heart.

Ridgeley said that Michael's contribution to the "great archive of contemporary music lives among the immortals".

10、supemova

Supernova is an astronomical term for a star that explodes like crazy. When a star turns into a supernova, it becomes extremely bright.

Supernova sounds like a superhero, but it refers to the super explosion of a star. A nova is also the explosion of a star, but a supernova has more energy. A supernova happens when a star becomes bright, bursts, and its matter is scattered in all directions, with light and radiation shooting out. Some say our sun will turn into a supernova someday, which would destroy all life on Earth. Don’t worry, that’s a long way off.

In the future, they hope to capture supernova at even earlier stages, within an hour or less of the explosions happening.

11、distillation

When you heat water into steam that then is converted back into water, you are putting it through a process of distillation: purification by boiling and condensing vapors.

Distillation is a process of purification. Air and water are distilled to make them cleaner. Crude oil is distilled so that it can be used for various commercial purposes. Distillation involves a process of first heating to create vapor and then cooling to convert that vapor back to liquid form. Distillation is also the simplification of an argument to its most clear state. The distillation of an argument involves boiling it down so it's easy to understand.

In the plastic pockets was the sugar-coated distillation of feminism, of women's liberation, of medical innovation.

The second achievement of High and Dry is its excellent distillation of aquifer science.

12、monopoly

A monopoly is the exclusive ownership or control of something. If your sister claims a monopoly over the television during the Tom Cruise movie marathon, you would be wise not to touch that remote.

In economics, a monopoly specifically means the domination of a market by one owner or seller. Think of the board game Monopoly. You’re trying to own all the properties so that you have a monopoly over the board and the other players have to pay you basically anywhere they land. You might recognize the prefix mono, meaning “one." Add it to the Greek word polein which means “sell,” and there you have it — one seller.

(economics) a market in which there are many buyers but only one seller

“a monopoly on silver”

“when you have a monopoly you can ask any price you like”

exclusive control or possession of something

“They have no monopoly on intelligence”

13、anatomist

If you're studying anatomy you're studying animals’ bodies and you're probably dissecting them, too. You might study the anatomy of a pig to see how it relates to human anatomy. You’ll find that only one of them has a snout.

an expert in anatomy（解剖）

Anatomists held public dissections to expose the telltale traits of moral corruption in the internal organs of criminals and convicts.

The process, described by a veteran anatomist as “a kind of pickling,” takes from three to six months.

Ecologists, anatomists and geneticists require naturalists for their work to make sense.

14、dissection

Dissection is the process of separating something into pieces. Whether the dissection involves taking a poem apart line-by-line to learn its meaning or cutting open a frog to study its insides, you're pulling out the parts that make up a whole to better understand it.

Let's dissect, or take apart, this word for a moment. Dis- means "apart" and section means "to cut", which come together to form the definition of dissection: "to cut apart." When you cut something up into sections you're doing a dissection. The word is commonly used when talking about the process of cutting something apart for scientific purposes, it's also used to talk about taking apart an argument, a poem, or a plan.

Haycocks, who learned human anatomy in a traditional lab, said cadaver（尸体）dissection is limited in its educational benefits.

In his anatomical drawings, many of which record his own careful dissections of corpses, he sees the human body as a complex and marvellous machine.

15、human corpses

Another name for a dead body is corpse. You might hear the word on TV crime shows, but a corpse doesn't have to be a crime victim, just any lifeless body.

The words corpse and "corps" are often confused, and with good reason — both came from the Latin word corpus, meaning "body," and up until the 19th Century, both referred to a dead person. Around that time, the word with the "e" at the end was established as the word for a person's remains, while the other spelling was relegated to a "body" of people working together or in a military division, and very much alive!

16、microscopic

Skin cells, bacteria, and some kinds of algae（海藻） are all microscopic, or too small to see without a microscope.

Use the adjective microscopic to describe things that are so tiny you can't see them. The word is a scientific term if you literally mean "can be seen with a microscope," although people use it sometimes to mean "really small," as in the phrase "Wow, your feet are microscopic." Mikros means "small" in Greek, and the scope part of the word comes from the Greek word skopein, "to examine."

“differences were microscopic”

“microscopic analysis”

“examined it with microscopic care”

17、phlogiston

a hypothetical substance once believed to be present in all combustible materials and to be released during burning 燃素？

18、meteorologist

a specialist who studies processes in the earth's atmosphere that cause weather conditions

“It depends on people’s elevations（海拔）,” said National Weather Service meteorologist Johnny Burg.

The area will still be under a flood watch Monday, said Rasch, the meteorologist.

19、rock strata

A stratum is a layer of something, whether abstract, like a social stratum composed of only billionaires, or physical, like the different strata (that’s the plural version) of clouds that an airplane passes through.

Stratum comes from the Latin meaning "something that has been laid down," like asphalt or a bedsheet, but we generally use it to describe layers of something. If you go into geology, you will probably investigate different strata of the soil. If you start out in life poor and try to become rich, you are trying to get into a different social stratum.

Across social strata, Pakistani society is deeply conservative（守旧的） and superstitious（迷信的）.

Solar developer Strata Solar uses drones with infrared（红外线） cameras to survey the more than 1 gigawatt of solar projects after they’re operating.

20、palaeontology

a specialist in paleontology

the earth science that studies fossil organisms and related remains

21、daunting

Something daunting can scare you off. If you have a lot of studying to do, it may seem like a daunting task. Good news is you can get through it by working hard. Or weasel out of it by playing sick.

Often used in the phrases “daunting prospect” and “daunting task,” daunting describes something that you are not looking forward to doing. Having to fill out complicated tax forms every year is a daunting task for many people. Once a daunting task is complete, you no longer describe it as daunting, but instead can call it a job well done, or at least another life experience survived.

a daunting task in prospect

Riley believes Johnson will succeed in what looks like a daunting task of getting the Los Angeles Lakers back to prominence.

The winner will face the daunting task of rebuilding the party and appeasing voters who want a political war against Mr. Trump.

22、relentless

Relentless is a good word for describing something that's harsh, unforgiving, and persistent, like the hot sun in the desert, or a cold that keeps you in bed for days with a nose like a strawberry.

When you're relentless about something, you mean business. You're not stopping until you get what you want, and you're not taking "no" for an answer. People might try to steer you from your goal, but you have eyes only for the prize and they're just going to have to get out of your way. If you're a relentless student, for instance, you might stay up all night studying your vocabulary, just in case there might be a quiz in the morning.

“relentless persecution困扰，迫害”

Men and women of her era thrived despite relentless denials of their intelligence, beauty and talent, and the most severe challenges to their livelihoods.

Others offered descriptions such as “nonstop,” “overwhelming,” “relentless,” “mind-blowing,” “devastating,” “exasperating” and “surreal.”