观察表记录了在检查、健康问卷（或问诊）、临床操作中发现的观察型数据，任何其他类型数据（例如社交/生活习性、用药史、家族史等）不包含的数据维度，都记录在此。
The OBSERVATION table captures clinical facts about a Person obtained in the context of examination, questioning or a procedure. Any data that cannot be represented by any other domains, such as social and lifestyle facts, medical history, family history, etc. are recorded here.
| Field | Required | Type | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| observation_id | Yes | integer | A unique identifier for each observation. |
| 观察-id | -- | -- | 每个观察的唯一标识符。 |
| person_id | Yes | integer | A foreign key identifier to the Person about whom the observation was recorded. The demographic details of that Person are stored in the PERSON table. |
| 居民-id | -- | -- | 外键，该观察数据对应的居民的标识符。该居民的人口统计详细信息存储在PERSON表中 |
| observation_concept_id | Yes | integer | A foreign key to the standard observation concept identifier in the Standardized Vocabularies. |
| 观察-概念-id | -- | -- | 外键，标准词汇表中观察的标准概念的标识符 |
| observation_date | No | date | The date of the observation. |
| 观察-日期 | -- | -- | 观察数据对应的日期 |
| observation_datetime | Yes | datetime | The date and time of the observation. |
| 观察-日期时间 | -- | -- | 观察数据对应的日期和时间 |
| observation_type_concept_id | Yes | integer | A foreign key to the predefined concept identifier in the Standardized Vocabularies reflecting the type of the observation. |
| 观察-类型-概念-id | -- | -- | 外键，标识观察的类型，指向标准词汇表中预定义的概念标识符。 |
| value_as_number | No | float | The observation result stored as a number. This is applicable to observations where the result is expressed as a numeric value. |
| 值- 数字 | -- | -- | 观察数据如果存储为数字，则储存在此。适用于结果表达为数值的观察。 |
| value_as_string | No | varchar(60) | The observation result stored as a string. This is applicable to observations where the result is expressed as verbatim text |
| 值- 字符串 | -- | -- | 观察结果如果存储为字符串，则存储在此。适用于结果表示为字符文本的观察。 |
| value_as_concept_id | No | Integer | A foreign key to an observation result stored as a Concept ID. This is applicable to observations where the result can be expressed as a Standard Concept from the Standardized Vocabularies (e.g., positive/negative, present/absent, low/high, etc.). |
| 值-概念-id | -- | -- | 外键，指向存储为概念ID的观察结果，适用于其结果可以表示为来自标准化词汇表的标准概念（例如，正/负，存在/不存在，低/高等）的观察 |
| qualifier_concept_id | No | integer | A foreign key to a Standard Concept ID for a qualifier (e.g., severity of drug-drug interaction alert) |
| 限定词-概念-id | -- | -- | 外键，指向限定词的标准概念ID（例如：严重的药物-药物相互作用警报） |
| unit_concept_id | No | integer | A foreign key to a Standard Concept ID of measurement units in the Standardized Vocabularies. |
| 单位-概念-id | -- | -- | 外键，指向标准词汇表中度量单位标准概念ID。 |
| provider_id | No | integer | A foreign key to the provider in the PROVIDER table who was responsible for making the observation. |
| 贡献者-id | -- | -- | 外键，指向PROVIDER表中的贡献者，即负责进行观察和记录的人。 |
| visit_occurrence_id | No | integer | A foreign key to the visit in the VISIT_OCCURRENCE table during which the observation was recorded. |
| 就诊-观察-id | -- | -- | 外键，指向此表中记录的观察结果在VISIT_OCCURRENCE表中对应的就诊信息。 |
| visit_detail_id | No | integer | A foreign key to the visit in the VISIT_DETAIL table during which the observation was recorded. |
| 就诊-详情-id | -- | -- | 外键，指向此表中记录的观察结果在VISIT_DETAIL表中对应的就诊信息。 |
| observation_source_value | No | varchar(50) | The observation code as it appears in the source data. This code is mapped to a Standard Concept in the Standardized Vocabularies and the original code is, stored here for reference. |
| 观察-源-值 | -- | -- | 源数据中的观察结果的代码。此代码在CDM中已被映射到标准化词汇表中的标准概念，原始代码存储在此处以供参考。 |
| observation_source_concept_id | Yes | integer | A foreign key to a Concept that refers to the code used in the source. |
| 观察-源-概念-id | -- | -- | 外键，指向源数据中使用的医学概念的代码。 |
| unit_source_value | No | varchar(50) | The source code for the unit as it appears in the source data. This code is mapped to a standard unit concept in the Standardized Vocabularies and the original code is, stored here for reference. |
| 单位-源-值 | -- | -- | 源数据中出现的单位的源代码。此代码已映射到标准化词汇表中的标准单元概念，原始代码存储在此处以供参考。 |
| qualifier_source_value | No | varchar(50) | The source value associated with a qualifier to characterize the observation |
| 限定词-源-值 | -- | -- | 用于表示观察结果限定词的源值 |
| observation_event_id | No | integer | A foreign key to an event table (e.g., PROCEDURE_OCCURRENCE_ID). |
| 观察-事件-id | -- | -- | 外键，指向事件类型的表（例如，PROCEDURE_OCCURRENCE_ID）。 |
| obs_event_field_concept_id | Yes | integer | A foreign key that refers to a Standard Concept identifier in the Standardized Vocabularies referring to the field represented in the OBSERVATION_EVENT_ID. |
| 观察-事件-字段-概念-id | -- | --> | 外键，指向标准词汇表中的标准概念的标识符，标识OBSERVATION_EVENT_ID中对应字段。 |
| value_as_datetime | No | integer | The observation result stored as a datetime value. This is applicable to observations where the result is expressed as a point in time. |
| 值-按照-日期时间 | -- | --> | 观察结果如果表示为日期时间值，则存储与此，适用于将观察结果表示为时间点的数据。 |
共识
| No. | Convention Description | 共识 |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Observations differ from Measurements in that they do not require a standardized test or some other activity to generate clinical fact. Typical observations are medical history, family history, the stated need for certain treatment, social circumstances, lifestyle choices, healthcare utilization patterns, etc. If the generation clinical facts requires a standardized testing such as lab testing or imaging and leads to a standardized result, the data item is recorded in the MEASUREMENT table. If the clinical fact observed determines a sign, symptom, diagnosis of a disease or other medical condition, it is recorded in the CONDITION_OCCURRENCE table. | 观察结果与检验检查结果的不同之处在于，它们不需要标准化检测或其他活动来生成临床事实。典型的观察结果包括病史，家族史，对某些治疗需求的陈述，社会环境，生活方式选择，医保模式等。如果生成临床事实需要标准化检测，如实验室检查或影像学检查，并生成标准化的结果，那么这些数据项则应记录在MEASUREMENT表中。如果观察到的临床事实确定了疾病或其他体征、症状、诊断，那么则应记录在CONDITION_OCCURRENCE表中。 |
| 2 | Valid Observation Concepts are not enforced to be from any domain. They still should be Standard Concepts, and they typically belong to the 'Observation' or sometimes 'Measurement' domain. | 不会强制规定来自哪些域的概念对于观察数据是有效的。但它们必须是标准概念，并通常来自于“观察”域，或有时来自“检验检查”域。 |
| 3 | Observations can be stored as attribute value pairs, with the attribute as the Observation Concept and the value representing the clinical fact. This fact can be a Concept (stored in VALUE_AS_CONCEPT), a numerical value (VALUE_AS_NUMBER), a verbatim string (VALUE_AS_STRING), or a datetime (VALUE_AS_DATETIME). Even though Observations do not have an explicit result, the clinical fact can be stated separately from the type of Observation in the VALUE_AS_* fields. | 观察可以存储为属性值对，其中'属性'为观察概念，而'值'表示临床事实。此数据可以是一个概念（存储在VALUE_AS_CONCEPT中），数值（VALUE_AS_NUMBER），字符串（VALUE_AS_STRING）或日期时间（VALUE_AS_DATETIME）。即使观察没有明确结果，临床数据也可以在VALUE_AS_ *字段中的观察类型分开说明。（译者按，此处未理解原文意思） |
| 4 | It is recommended for Observations that are suggestive statements of positive assertion should have a value of 'Yes' (concept_id=4188539), recorded, even though the null value is the equivalent. | 提示性陈述得出的正面判断，这种观察结果，建议记录的值为“Yes”（concept_id = 4188539），即使null也可以。（译者按：可能例如“是否既往体健？”结果是“是”，这种情况。） |
| 5 | Valid Concepts of the VALUE_AS_CONCEPT field are not enforced, but typically belong to the 'Meas Value' domain. | 不会强制规定哪些概念对于VALUE_AS_CONCEPT字段是有效概念，但通常属于“Meas Value”域。 |
| 6 | For numerical facts a Unit can be provided in the UNIT_CONCEPT_ID. | 对于数值数据，其单位可以在UNIT_CONCEPT_ID中提供。 |
| 7 | For facts represented as Concepts no domain membership is enforced. | 对于表示为概念的数据，不会强制必须用哪些域的概念。 |
| 8 | Note that the value of VALUE_AS_CONCEPT_ID may be provided through mapping from a source Concept which contains the content of the Observation. In those situations, the CONCEPT_RELATIONSHIP table in addition to the 'Maps to' record contains a second record with the relationship_id set to 'Maps to value'. For example, ICD9CM V17.5 concept_id 44828510 'Family history of asthma' has a 'Maps to' relationship to 4167217 'Family history of clinical finding' as well as a 'Maps to value' record to 317009 'Asthma'. | 请注意，VALUE_AS_CONCEPT_ID的值可能来自映射的Observation内容的源Concept来提供。在这些情况下，除了“映射到”记录，CONCEPT_RELATIONSHIP表还包含第二条记录，其relationship_id设置为“映射到值”。例如，ICD9CM V17.5的 concept_id 为44828510'哮喘家族史'与4167217'临床发现家族史'有'映射到'关系，也有'映射到值'到317009'哮喘'。 |
| 9 | The QUALIFIER_CONCEPT_ID field contains all attributes specifying the clinical fact further, such as as degrees, severities, drug-drug interaction alerts etc. | QUALIFIER_CONCEPT_ID字段可包含临床数据的其他所有维度的属性，例如度，严重性，药物 - 药物相互作用警戒值等。 |
| 10 | The Visit during which the Observation was made is recorded through a reference to the VISIT_OCCURRENCE table. This information is not always available. | 记录观察时的就诊信息记录在VISIT_OCCURRENCE表。此信息并非始终可用。 |
| 11 | The Visit Detail during which the Observation was made is recorded through a reference to the VISIT_DETAIL table. This information is not always available. | 记录观察时的详细就诊信息记录在VISIT_DETAIL表。此信息并非始终可用。 |
| 12 | The Provider making the observation is recorded through a reference to the PROVIDER table. This information is not always available. | 进行观察的贡献者信息记录在PROVIDER表。此信息并非始终可用。 |
| 13 | When storing patient responses to survey questions, each record in the OBSERVATION table represents a single question/response pair and is linked to a specific survey/questionnaire using OBSERVATION.OBSERVATION_EVENT_ID and SURVEY_CONDUCT.SURVEY_CONDUCT_ID. | 当存储患者对调查问卷的回答时，OBSERVATION表中的每个记录代表一个问题/答案组合，并使用OBSERVATION.OBSERVATION_EVENT_ID和SURVEY_CONDUCT.SURVEY_CONDUCT_ID关联到特定调查/问卷。 |
| 14 | Each survey response record is the response to a specific question identified by the OBSERVATION_CONCEPT_ID. This concept ID is a unique question contained in the CONCEPT table. | 每个调查问卷回答记录，是对OBSERVATION_CONCEPT_ID标识的特定问题的回答。此概念ID是CONCEPT表中包含的唯一问题。 |
| 15 | An individual survey question can have multiple responses to a question (e.g. which of these items relate to you, a,b,c,...?). Each response is stored as a separate record in the OBSERVATION table. | 居民个人调查问卷可以对一个问题有多个回答（例如，这些项目中哪些与您有关，a，b，c，......？）。每个回答都作为单独的记录存储在OBSERVATION表中。 |
| 16 | The question / answer OBSERVATION record is linked to the patient questionnaire used for collecting the data using two new fields in the OBSERVATION table; OBS_EVENT_FIELD_CONCEPT_ID and OBSERVATION_EVENT_ID.OBS_EVENT_FIELD_CONCEPT_ID for any survey related observations contains the concept that refers to the field SURVEY_CONDUCT_ID and OBSERVATION_EVENT_ID contains the actual SURVEY_CONDUCT_ID of the specific survey. This construct can be used for other observation groupings | 问题/答案观察记录与居民调查问卷相关联（通过OBSERVATION表中的两个新字段收集数据：OBS_EVENT_FIELD_CONCEPT_ID和OBSERVATION_EVENT_ID）。任何与调查相关的观察的OBS_EVENT_FIELD_CONCEPT_ID包含引用SURVEY_CONDUCT_ID字段的概念，OBSERVATION_EVENT_ID包含特定调查的实际SURVEY_CONDUCT_ID 。该结构可用于其他观察分组。 |
| 17 | The OBSERVATION table can also store survey scoring results. Many validated PRO questionnaires have scoring algorithms (many of which proprietary) that return an overall patient score based on the answers provided.Survey scores are identified by their OBSERVATION_CONCEPT_ID and are linked back to the scored survey using the same EVENT_FIELD construct described above. In the name/value pair model, the name (question) is stored as OBSERVATION_CONCEPT_ID and the value (answer) is stored as OBSERVATION_AS_CONCEPT_ID where the answer is categorical and is defined as a concept in the concept table, OBSERVATION_AS_NUMBER where the answer is numeric, OBSERVATION_AS_STRING where the answer is a free text string or OBSERVATION_AS_DATETIME. | OBSERVATION表还可以存储调查评分结果。许多经过验证的PRO问卷都有评分算法（其中许多是专有的），根据提供的答案返回总体患者评分。调查分数由其OBSERVATION_CONCEPT_ID标识，并使用上述相同的EVENT_FIELD结构链接回评分调查。在名称/值组合模型中，名称（问题）存储为OBSERVATION_CONCEPT_ID，值（答案）存储为OBSERVATION_AS_CONCEPT_ID，其中答案是分类的，并在概念表中定义为概念，OBSERVATION_AS_NUMBER，答案为数字， OBSERVATION_AS_STRING其中答案是自由文本字符串或OBSERVATION_AS_DATETIME。 |
本系列在介绍目前世界上最适用于临床科研+卫生经济学的标准医疗大数据格式（未经严谨考证，但有相关研究发表在专业期刊上），俨然是真实世界研究方案里面最接进成熟的基础建设方案。感兴趣的介绍请移步B站观看视频。
OHDSI——观察性健康医疗数据科学与信息学，是一个世界性的公益型非盈利研究联盟，主要研究全方位医学大数据分析的开源解决方案，旨在通过大规模数据分析和挖掘来提升临床医学数据价值，实现跨学科、跨行业的多方合作。目前，目前，已有来自美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、英国等几十个国家地区的上百个组织机构，高校，医院和公司企业参与了OHDSI全球协作网络，如斯坦福、哈佛、杜克大学医学院，强生、诺华、甲骨文、IBM公司，拥有超过6亿人口的临床数据规模，累计协作研究发表了上百篇论文。
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