第一章非谓语动词
非谓语动词均由动词变化而成，一共有三种：
第一节不定式：
1.原形不定式:就是原形动词。
1.1.常出现在助动词之后。I can do it.He should finish it.We must obey the law
1.2.原形不定式与知觉动词：表“看”、“听”、“感觉”的知觉动词之后，可接原形动词作宾语补语，表已发生的事实。看：watch,look at,observe听：hear,listen to感觉：feel。
I saw him enter the room.
Inever heard him speak English.
I felr the house shake.
I was watching the swallows fly to and fro.
注意：若改为被动语态时，原形不定式要变成to+原形动词。
1.3.原形不定式与“役使动词”：let ,make,have,bid之后要以原形动词作宾补。
Let me try it.=Allow me to try it.
I had him warsh the car.=I got to warsh the car.除have外，let ,make,bid均可用于被动语态，且要用加to不定式。
They bade him do it.=He was bidden to do it.
2.置to的不定式to study（通常所说的不定式就是这种）
You should help him study the lesson.（原形不定式）
He refused to study the lesson.（置to不定式）
3.“to+原形动词”所形成的不定式有三种功用：不定式作名词用可作主语、宾语和表语。
3.1不定式作主语：
3.1.1不定式作主语时，表一种意愿或未完成的事，且be动词后的表语若为名词，应该是表意愿、目的、企图等名词，常用的此类名词有：plan,purpose,attempt,goal,aim,ambition,dream,ideal,wish,hope,decition,determination,proposal等。
3.1.2不定式作主语时，常用形式主语It取代
It is my goal to marry her.
To take a trip around the world has been my dream.
3.1.3不定式作主语之结构变化：不定式作主语时，若短语中最后一个词为宾语，该宾语可移至句首作主语。例如：To please my father is difficult.→My father is difficult to please.
3.2.不定式作宾语：
3.2.1不定式不能作介词的宾语，只能作及物动词的宾语，该及物动词均为表意愿、企图的动词。常用的有：want,wish,hope,desire,intend,try,determine,decide,attempt,expect,like,love,endeavor等
He intended to visit Paris.
3.2.2作不完全及物动词的宾语时，用it作形式宾语后接补语再接真正的宾语不定式如make it a rule +to V.。
3.3.不定式作表语：
3.3.1.不定式作表语此时，主语均为表意愿、企图的名词。my plan is to see her.
3.3.2.下列句型中be动词后的to可省略：All you have to do is(to)take a good rest.All I can do (is) wait.What you should do is simply (to)appologize to him.All I did yesterday was (to)eat and sleep.
4.不定式作形容词修饰名词用：
4.1此类不定式一律采用后位修饰，修饰前面的名词。
4.2.所修饰的名词要作不定式短语中动词的主语或宾语不然就是短语中介词的宾语，若是be动词就作表语。I have somthing to do.（修饰代词something）there is one thing to be done.
I have no friend to advise me.（作advise的主语）
I want something to eat.（作宾语eat）
I have no one to talk to（作介词to的宾语）
5.Be动词后接形容词不定式：主动形式表将来（=will）或表义务（=should）；被动形式表当然（=should）或可能（=can）
He is to come tomorrow.=He is going to come tomorrow.
You are to do it=you should do it.
Such a lazy man is to be fired=Such a lazy man should be fired.
My hat was nowhere tobe found.=My hat could not be found anywhere.
6.不定式和虚拟语气：
6.1意愿动词加不定式与虚拟语气：
表意愿的动词如：expect,hope,intend,want等，①用一般过去时，再接to have+p.p.形成表与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，等于would have+p.p.本来想……IWould have done it.but I was busy.=I intended to have done it,but I was busy.=I had intended to do it,but I was busy.②如上例，也可以把这些表意愿的动词改为过去完成时再接不定式，同样表与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，句型为expected to have p.p.=had expected to+原形动词。
6.2.was/were to have+p.p.=should have+p.p.（本应该……）本结构也可表与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。
They were to have started outearly,but it was raining heavily.=They should have started out early,but it was raining heavily.
7.不定式的省略：不定式短语中的动词若在前面的句中已经出现过，为避免重复，可以省略但保留to。You may go if you want to (go).
8.不定式有时也可形成感叹句，例如：
To think that such a lazy boy should have passed the exam!
9.help的用法：
9.1.help+宾语+（to)+原形动词
He help ed me(to) do the work.
9.2.help+宾语+with+名词
He helped me with the work.
9.3.help(to)+原形动词
He helped(to)do the work
9.4.help with+名词
He helped with the work.
10.原形不定式的特殊结构
10.1.do nothing but+原形动词：
He did nothing but(did) eat all day.(but是并列连词，前面的did是及物动词后面的did强调语气可省略）
10.2.choose/expect/want/desire nothing+ to+原形动词。He wanted nothing but (wanted)to sleep.
10.3.be interested in nothing but+动名词/名词。He is interested in nothing but(is interested in)singing
10.4.enjoy nothing but+名词/动名词
I enjoy nothing but(enjoy)dancing.
10.5.can't but+原形动词=can't help+动名词
此处的help等于stop或resist，表抗拒。
When I heard the story,I couldn't but laugh=When I heard the story,I couldn't help laughing.=When I heard the story,I couldn't help but laugh.
11.不定式作副词用
11.1.副词不定式修饰动词时要置于动词之后
I came to see her（作副词修饰动词came）
11.2.副词不定式修饰动词时，多表目的，此时该副词不定式也修饰含该动词的整个句子
He rushed all the way here to catch the train.该句中 all the way和here都是副词修饰动词rushed这里副词不定式修饰he rushed all the way here整句。
注意：表“目的”的副词不定式修饰，通常置于动词之后，但也可移到主语之前，须用逗号相隔。例：he sang asong to please her.=To please her,he sang a song.
You should work very hard to win the award.=To win the award,you should work very hard.
11.3.不定式移至主语之前，一方面保持其副词特性，修饰句中动词或整个句子；但也兼有形容词功能修饰句中主语，该主语通常是表人的名词或代词。不定式在主语之前，不定式所表的动作必须是其所修饰的主语造成的动作。修饰动词的表目的之副词不定式可由下列短语取代：he sang a song to please her=He sang a song in order to please her.=he sang a song so as to please her.=he sang a song with an eye to pleasing her.=He sang a song with a view to pleasing her.
11.4.副词形容词修饰形容词时，要置于形容词之后
He is able to handle the problem.
He is apt to lie.
The book is good to read.
11.5.副词不定式修饰副词时，要置于副词之后
He is old enough to go swimming alone
12.独立不定式：只用以修饰整个主句，不必考虑主语是人还是物。
To tell te truth,I don't like him.説真的，
To be frank with you,he is good for nothing.老实说
To do him justice,he has done his best.平心而论
To make matters worse,it began to rain.更糟的是，下雨了。
He is nice,to be sure.but i don't like him.
He is,so to speak,a rascal.
He knows French,not to mention English.
13.从句化简为不定式，凡句中主语为形式主语it，之后接单一动词，或及物动词被动语态，再接that引导名词性从句时可将that从句化简为不定式。
13.1.单一动词时，例如：It seems that he workes hard.→He seems to work hard.
It happened that I was there.→I happened to be there.
It is said that he is good.→He is said to be good.类似的还有（reported,rumored,known,thought,believed,等过去分词）
13.2.时态不同时，to之后加have（曾经，已经）+过去分词。例如：It seems that he worked hard.→He seems to have worked hard.
It is said that he was a thug in the past.→He is said to have been a thug in the past.
13.3.Prove可作不完全不及物动词，表“显示”，“结果是”例：What he said proved to be true.（不定式作表语）
The report proved to be false.=The report proved false.
14.不定式作补语：具有役使意味的不完全及物动词后加了宾语用不定式作宾补
常用的动词有：get,cause,lead,allow,permit,advise persuade,enable,tell,beg,ask,order,want,expect,wish ,intend等。例如：
The sad story caused him to cry.
His speech led me to understand the importance of learning English.
He advise me not to smoke again.
His timely help enabled me to finished it early.
I expect him to do it.
I'll get somebody to help you.
Wish和help皆可作完全及物动词，以不定式作宾语也可作不及物动词之后接介词for，再接名词。
All we can do now is wish for a miracle.
第二节分词：分词有现在分词和过去分词两种
2.1.现在分词studying原形动词V.加-ing。
He is studying.
2.2.过去分词studied一般为原形动词加-ed或不规则动词（需单独记忆）
The problem should be carefuly studied.
2.3.动名词studying
He enjoys studying.
3.分词当形容词用
The student raised a confusing question.
Th teacher was confused.
上例中confusing为现在分词作形容词修饰后面的名词译作“令人困惑的”；confused 为过去分词作形容词，在was后当表语，译作“感到困惑的。”
3.1.区分现在分词和过去分词：凡表“令人……的”用现在分词；凡表“感到……的”或“受到……的”时，用过去分词。当表“正在……的”或“即将……的”意思时，用现在分词；表“已经……的”时，用过去分词。
The retiring teacher walked into the classroom.（将要退的）
Theretied soldier died last month.（已退的）
3.2.分词作表语用：
3.2.1系动词（be,remain,become,seem,appear等）后作表语，译作“……的”，分词前可用very修饰。
The baby is tiring.（宝宝真累人）
He seems tired.（他似乎累了）
The experience is thrilling（这经历够刺激）
He became more and more interested in learning English.（他对学英语越来越感兴趣）
注意：有些分词不能译作“……的”，此类分词只能用于be动词后，不能视作形容词，而应作为动词的进行时或被动语态。
He was killed.
He was killing the termites.
He was writing a letter.
The letter was being written.
3.3.作及物动词后宾语的补语首先区分形成分词的原动词是及物动词还是不及物动词：
3.3.1.及物动词变分词：用现在分词+其宾语，作补语。
Ifound him killing termites或I found the termites killed.
3.3.2不及物动词变分词作宾补，一律用现在分词I keep John waiting.
4.分词可作名词用：可作形容词用的分词之前若有the则可当做单数或复数名词使用。
The wounded were rushed to the hospital.=The wounded people were rushed to the hospital.
The unexpected has happen.=something (which) we didn't expect happened.
5.分词可作副词用：
5.1.少数现在分词有副词very的意味，可修饰其后的形容词。
It's freezing/biting cold today.
The tea is boiling hot.
He was hopping mad on hearing dismissal.
We 're having a ripping good time.
5.2.过去分词作副词用：
An estimated 54people were killed in the air crash.=It is estimated that 54 people were killed in the air crash.
6.分词结构～动词变化：一句中有两个动词同时存在，一定要有连词相连；若无连词，：
6.1.两个动词同时发生时，则第二个动词一定要变成现在分词，若该动词是be动词，变成being后省略。
He came home crying.
Hecame home being tired.
6.2.两个动词表的动作不是同时发生有先后次序时，第二个动词要变成不定式短语。
He came here to see me.
6.3若两动词以逗号相隔而无连接时，无需考虑先后次序，第二动词一定变成现在分词。
I left hom at six in the morning,arriving here about four in the afternoon.
He ran away quickly,looking as if something terrible had happened.
7.单句化简法：两句在一起，无连词相连时，往往第一个句子要化简为分词短语：
7.1.两句主语相同时，化简的句子的主语要删除；否则，保留。
7.2.动词变成现在分词
7.3.be动词变成现在分词being后可省略也可留下，以强调“因为……”之意。
The sun setting,the cowboy rode back to the ranch.
Being sick of studying,he ran away from home.
注意：
①否定结构not要置于分词前。
②句中有助动词do,does,did时，可直接删除。
③句中有完成时助动词have,has,had时，要变成现在分词having。
④主语不同时，所形成的分词结构，称为分词的独立主格结构，即独立修饰不同的主语的分词结构。
This being the case,you'd better be careful.
All things considered,I decided to major in business administration.其中all things considered原本为all things were bonsidered（所有情况都被考虑过了）be动词were变成being被省略了。
⑤有时也可以把第二个句子变成分词结构。
He was reading a book,and his wife was knitting beside him.→He was reading a book,his wife knitting beside him.
We will go picnicking tomorrow,if weather permits.→we will go picnicking tomorrow,weather permitting.
8.定语从句化简法：在限定性定语从句中，关系代词作主语时，可化简为分词短语。方法是：
8.1.先去掉关系代词；再将关系代词后的动词变成现在分词being可省略。需要注意的是：只有当非限定性定语从句结构为“关系代词＋be+名词”时，可化简为同位语；其它非限定性定语从句不能化简。
John,who is a good student of mine,studies hard.→John,a good student of mine,stidies hard.Not knowing how to deal with the problem,I consulted him.
As I entered the room,I found books scattered around.
He said goodbye to her,waving his hand.
He came into the room (being)barefooted.
9.状语从句化简法：once,while,unless,when,though等连词引导的状语从句，若主语与从句中主语相同时可化简为分词结构。其中once，if，unless引导的状语从句化简为分词短语，多限于“主语+be+形容词/分词”其余几词不受此限。
If I'm free,I'll go with you.→If(being)free,I'll go with you.
Once I'm rich,I'll buy a car.→Once rich,I'll buy a car.
Though I have money,I don't buy a car→Though having money,I don't buy a car.
10.表身体组织的名词可变成过去分词当形容词用：
The girl has big eyes.→I like the big-eyed girl.
She has red hair.→Do you see the red-haired girl over there?
The one-legged soldier is a hero.
11.少数现在分词可当介词用：including（包括）,excluding（除外）,considering（考虑）,regarding（关于）,concerning,（关于）
12.独立分词短语：有些独立分词短语有副词作用，常置于句首，修饰整个句子。
Generally speaking,men are physically stronger than women.
Strictly speaking,he is not good enough.
Judging from his appearance,he seems to be rich.
Frankly speaking,he is not the man I want.
Talking of novels,have you read his works?
According to John,the fire broken out at ten in the morning.
Seeing that you have no time,I will have Peter replace you.
13.与役使动词有关的分词短语：
I started the ball rolling（我给开个头）
The news set my heart throbbing.(这消息使我心悸不已）
I'm sorry to have kept you waiting.
I couldn't make myself understood.
He got a new suit made.
You should have it unsaid.
I like my eggs half boiled.
Ihad my watch stolen.
第三节动名词
1.动名词第一功能~作主语
Working with him is fun.
Seeing is believing.
Losing his fortune drove him mad.
Not knowing what to do was an embarrassment for him.
1.1.动名词作主语仍有动词的意味，若是及物动词，其后仍需加宾语，宾语即使为复数，动名词短语仍视作单数，之后用单数动词。
Helping others gives me great pleasure.
1.2.动名词短语作主语时也可用形式主语it代替，而将该动名词短语移至句尾变成不定式短语。
It gives me great leasure to help others.
要注意的是：只有在it is no use结构中，真正的主语才用动名词。
It's no use crying over spilt milk.
It's no use reasoning with such a stubborn man.
2.动名词的第二功能～作be动词后的表语：
seingis believing.
His hobby is jogging.
注意：
①动名词作表语表一种经历或已知的事，而不定式作表语表一种意愿，是未完成的或未发生的事。
②有时be之后的V-ing可能是动名词也可能是现在分词，由于动名词和主语都有名词性质，故有A is B=B is A，只需将主语和V-ing互换位置，如语意通顺，该V-ing为动名词。
3.动名词的第三功能～作宾语：
He detests gambling.
Some people don't enjoy smoking.
I remember seeing him.
＊3.1.以下及物动词均用动名词作宾语：
Consider,contemplate,imagine,fancy,avoid,risk,escape,deny,admit,stop,quit,suggest,recommend,mind,remember,finish,practice
3.2.anticipate V-ing=expect to V期望……
I anticipate cooperating with him.=I expect to cooperate with him.
3.3.stop+V-ing=quit Ving=cease V-ing=cease toV停止从事……
He stoped/quited/ceased writing when he saw me.=Heceased to writing when he saw me.
3.4.stop +to V.停下原来的工作而去作……
He stoped to talk to mewhen he saw me.
3.5.allow,permit,forbid的用法：
He allowed/permitted smoking.
He forbade smoking.（动名词作宾语）
He forbade me to smoke.（不定式作宾补）
3.6.remember,forget,regret的用法：
3.6.1表过去已发生的事物时，用动名词
Remember+动名词（记得曾……）
Forget+动名词（忘记曾）
Regret+动名词（后悔曾）
Iforgot mailing that letter.
I regret doung it.
3.6.2.表以后要做或未完成的事时，用不定式：remember to V（记得要……）
forget to V（忘记要……）
regret to V（遗憾要……）
I'll remember to see him tomorrow.
I forgot to mail the letter.
I regret to tell you the bad news.
3.7.下列动词用动名词和不定式作宾语时，意思相同：like,dislike,love,hate,begin,start,continue
4.动名词的第四功能～作介词宾语：
His illness prevented us from starting our own business.
The book is worth reading.
注意：worth,worthy,worthwhile的区别如下：
①worth prep.“值得”，作为介词置于be之后，可接动名词或名词作宾语。
Thcar is worth a fortune.
The issue is worth paying attention to.
②worthy adj.“值得的”，（与of连用）
The issue is worthy of everyone's attention.
③Worthwhile adj.值得的，置于名词前，也可置于It is 后，
That's a worthwhile book to read.
It is worthwhile to read that book=It pays to read that book.
5.动名词与所有格的关系：
5.1.that引导的名词性从句化简为分词短语：①去掉that，②将that从句中主语变成所有格，③将that从句中动词变成动名词。
That he teaches well is something that pleases me.→His teaching well is something that pleases me.
That they helped John with the work won our great admiration.→Their helping John with the work won our great admiration.
5.2.that引导的名词性从句作表认知的及物动词（think believe,find feel）的宾语时，化简为所有格分词结构
Ibelieve that he works hard.→I believe his working hard.
5.3.并非所有及物动词都可用that引导的名词性从句作宾语，如表喜欢、厌恶、在乎之意的及物动词（like,dislike,mind,enjoy等）要用所有格加动名词
I enjoyed John's joining us.
Would you mind my opening the window?
I don't like his smoking here.
5.4.that从句不能作介词的宾语，要变成所有格加动名词。；但that从句中之主语是物非人时，则不用所有格，而直接将主语作宾语之后接现在分词。
In spite of my helping him,he failed.
In spite of the sun shining,the air was very cold.
6.动名词也可与名词连用形成复合名词：
a Sleeping car
a dining room
a walking stick手杖
a laughing stock笑柄
a writing pad便签纸
asewing machine缝纫机
a starting poit起点
a visiting card名片
drinking water饮用水
注意：若是动名词+名词时，动名词有“用来……”之意；若是现在分词+名词时，现在分词有“会……”或“正在……”之意。
7.“动名词+宾语”作主语的变化：
Writing letters is a trying job for me.=writing of letters is a tring job for me.
Shooting birds is forbidden here.=shooting of birds is forbidden here.
8.有些动名词也可作普通的可数名词用：
As an old saying goes"Honesty is the best policy."
A knocking at the door was heard.
He has a good understanding of the problem.
Don't forget to take your belongs （恒用复数）with you.
9.常用动名词惯用语：
9.1there is no V-ing=It is impossible to V 不可能……
9.2.It is no use V-ing（……是无用的）
It is no use trying to escape.=It is of no use to try to escape.
9.3.cannot help/resist/refrain from V-ing忍不住……。
9.4.on V-ing（一……就……）
On hearing it,he cried.
第二章助动词及易用错误的动词
第一节助动词
1.顾名思义，助动词就是一种帮助动词的词类，helping verb或auxiliary，置于动词前面使动词表现出时态，语态，否定句或疑问句等变化。
2.助动词的种类：be(am,is,are,was,were)have(hws,had)do(does,did)shall(should)will(would)can(could)may(might)must need ought to ,dare,used to
2.1.be动词
2.1.1.be动词原为不完全不及物动词，译作“是”此时要用形容词或名词作表语。
He is handsome.
They are good students.
2.1.2be后可接现在分词或过去分词表进行时或被动语态，这时be是助动词。
He is reading a book.他正在念书（进行时）
He was elected chairman.他当选主席（被动语态）
2.2.have（has/had）+p.p.已经……
He has written the letter.
I had finished the task before he came.
2.3.do(does,did)do you see that?
Ididn't know what to do.
注意：①否定句若用not表否定，须与助动词do(does,did)连用形成否定句；
若动词前置not以外的否定副词则不须与助动词do(did,does)连用。常见的否定副词有：never,seldom,rarely,hardly,scarcely,
②疑问句:dDid you understand it?
③强势语气：即在肯定句的动词前按时态、人称置入do(does,did)并将动词改为原形，此时do(di,does)译作“的确”。
He worked hard.→He did work hard.
④否定倒装句
Never did I know that he was so stupid.
⑤pro-verb代动词：此种助动词代替句中已经出现过的动词及其后的其它词类。
Did you read this book?Yes,I did(=read this book)
I work as hard as he does(=works)
2.4.shall,will
2.4.1.表“将要”，之后接原形动词
2.4.2.传统上I和you须用shall，we之后二者均可，现在多用will取代shall表单纯的一般将来时；但在下列结构中仍用shall取代will
①征求对方意见时：
Shall I…?要不要我……?
Shall I open the door?
②请求对方合作时:Shall we…?我们……好吗？
Shall we go for a walk?
③命令对方时：You shall….=you must.你必须……。You shall obey the law.
在条约中尤其爱出现此类用法：
例：Article One:You(或one)shall wash your(或one's)hands after using the toilet.
④向对方保证某种承诺时：You shall…你一定会……。
You shall have the present.
2.5.should主要表一种义务，译作“应当”，此时等于ought to.
One should be kind to others.
2.5.1在下列结构中习惯上也用should，有其不同的意思。
①It is （natural/proper/right/advisable/desirable/no wonder） that…should…译作“……会……”乃自然的/适当的/正当的/恰当的/较好的/无疑的
It is natural that he (should )get angry.（他会生气是自然的。）
②It is (necessary/imperative/essential/important/urgent) that…should…译作（……应当……是有必要的）本结构中should常可省略保留其后的原形动词。
It is important that he(should)finish the job before leaving.
It is imperative that he do the work now.（他现在应该赶紧作这事。）
③It is (surprising/amazing)that…should（居然）…译作令人惊讶的是……居然……。
It is surprising that he should be so kind.（令人惊讶的是他居然这么和气。）
④It is (a pity/a regret/regrettable)that …should…译作令人遗憾的是……居然……。
It is a pity that he should be so rude.真遗憾他居然这么粗鲁。
2.5.2.意志动词如表“建议”（propose,recommend,suggest)，要求（ask,demand,desire,require,request,insist)，命令（order,command)，规定（rule,regulate)等，之后若有that从句作宾语时从句也使用should，并且should 可省略。
He suggested that we (should)leave at once.
2.5.3.est表“以免”，为副词连词，所引导的从句也使用should，且should可省略。
He came early lest he (should) be late.=He came early for fear that he might be late.
2.5.4..if从句若表与将来情况相反时，应用should，表“万一”之意。
If you should be late again,you will spoil the plan.
2.5.5.在一般过去时中，要用should代替shall。
I told him that I should be at home that evening.
2.5.6.should+have+p.p.
2.5.6.1.表与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，译作“早应该……”
If you had not helped me,I should have died.
2.5.6.2.表“居然已经”，常出现在下列结构中：
It is surprising that he should have passed the examination.
It is a pity that he should have done such a stupid thing.
2.6.would
2.6.1.would是will的过去式，表过去将来时。
He said that he would try again.
注意新闻英语中，常出现will与一般过去时动词连用的现象。例如：
He said that he will visit the country sometime in july.他说七月份要找时间造访该国。本句暗示he said 虽是过去时，但he will visit…injuly则表示作者写本句时是七月之前，七月尚未到来，所以用will。对比下列两段对话：
对话一
A:I saw john a few days ago.
B:what did he say?
A:He sai that he would call on you yesterday.
B:but he didn't show up yesterday.
对话二
A:I saw john a few days ago.
B:what did he say?
A:He said that he will call on you tomorrow.
B:I'll be expecting him then.
2.6.2.would+原形动词，表与现在事实相反的虚拟语气，（如果……）就会……
If I had money now,I would buy a car.(but I don't have money now.)
2.6.3would+have+p.p.表与过去事实相反的虚拟语气
If I had had money,I would have bought a car.(but I didn't have money then)
2.6.4.would rather+原形动词（宁愿……）
Iwould rather go than stay here.=I would sooner go than stay here.=I would as soon go as stay here.
2.6.5.aIwould rather＋（that）从句＝I wish+that从句多么希望……该句型属虚拟语气，若与现在事实相反，that从句用一般过去时，若与过去事实相反，则用过去完成时。
I would rather that they were here.=I wish that they were here.
2.6.6would you mind+（V-ing/if从句）你介不介意……?
Would you mind doing it for me?
Would you mind if you do it for me?
Would you mind的语气要比Do you mind客气。且would you mind之后的 if从句用一般过去时与助动词would配合，而do you mind之后的if从句用一般现在时与助动词do配合。
2.7.can和could:
2.7.1.can表“能力”=（be able to)译作“能够”。
He can cope with the problem.=He is able to cope with the problem.
2.7.2.表“可能性”，译作“有可能”。
He can be wrong if he says so.
2.7.3.表“许可”，=may，译作“可以”。
You can go home now.
2.7.4.在疑问句或否定句中，表“可能性”，译作“有可能”或“不可能”。
Can it be true?No,it can't be true.
2.7.5.表对过去事物的否定推论：
Can't have+p.p.译作“不可能曾……”
He is so honest that he can't have stolen your money yesterday.
注意：can仅用以表过去事物的否定推论；表对过去事物的肯定推论有以下两句型：
①must have+p.p.一定曾经……；He looks nervous;he must have stolen your money.
②may have+p.p.可能曾经……。He looks nervous;he may have stolen your money.
疑问句中表对过去事物的推论要用Can+S.+have+p.p.译作“有可能……吗？”
Can he have stolen your money?
2.7.6.could为can的过去式，通常与另一个一般过去时动词连用，以表过去的状况。
She could speak English well when she was ten.
2.7.7如同would一样，could也可使用在问句中，以表客气的语气。
Could/would you please do it for me?
2.7.8.could=was/were able to用于一般过去时中，表过去的能力。
When young,he could eat eight bowls of rice at a time.
2.7.9.can与not连用时，要写作can't或cannot，而不是can not。
但是could not或couldn't而非couldnot。
2.7.10.can的习惯用语：
①I can but do so=I can only do so.我只能这么作。
②I cannot but laugh.=I cannot help but laugh=I cannot help laughing我忍不住大笑。
③we cannot be too careful in choosing friends.我们选朋友时再小心也不为过。
④I couldn'tcare less.我一点都不在乎。
⑤I couldn't sgree more.我同意极了。
2.8may,might:
2.8.1.may表“许可”，译作“可以”
You may take whatever you like.
2.8.2.may表“推测”，译作“可能”，此时等于can。
It may be true.
2.8.3.may not有两种意思：①表“可能不会”It's getting late;he may not come.②表“不可以”="must not"
You may not cheat during exams.
2.8.4.might与另一个一般过去时动词连用，以表过去状况。
He said:"you may go."
He said that I might go.
2.8.5.might+原形动词（也许会……）
Might+have+p.p.（当时也许会……）
用于虚拟语气，分别表与现在及过去事实相反。
2.8.5.1与现在事实相反，if从句中使用一般过去时。
Ifhe tried hard,he might succeed.(but he doesn't try hard.)
2.8.5.2.与过去事实相反，if从句中动词使用过去完成时。
If he had tried hard,he might have succeeded.(but he didn't try hard.)
2.8.6may的习惯用语：
①May well+原形动词（大可/足可以……）
He knows so many thing that he may well be called genius.
②may as well+原形动词（不妨……）
You may as well stay home.你不妨留在家。
You had better stay home.（你最好呆在家。）
③may as well+原形动词+as+原形动词（与其……倒不如……）
=had better+原形动词＋than+原形动词
You may as well stay home as go out with them.
注意：may as well…as…（表较大的可能性），而might as well…as…（表可能性较小）
Youmught as well die as make friends with John.不与其和约翰交友倒不如去死算了。（真的去死的可能性很小）
2.9must
2.9.1.表“义务”，译作“必须”。是一种义务上强制的必须；而have to表一种勉强的意味，译作“不得不……”，“有必要……”
You must finish your work before leaving.
2.9.2.must只用于表现在和将来的状况；have to是全时态的。must not=may not（不可）；don't have to=need not（不必）you don't have to do it.
2.9.3must表对现在状况的推论，一定……
It must be true.
2.9.4.must have+p.p.表对过去状况的推论，一定曾经……It must have rained last night.
2.10.ough to表“义务”，译作“应当”等于should。
2.10.1ought to也可表“推论”，译作“应当会”
Since he works hard,he ought to succeed.
2.10.2.ough to have+p.p.本应会……（却不如此）表与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，此时if从句中用过去完成时。
If he had worked hard,he ought to have been successful.
2.10.4.ought to have+p.p.也可表“推论至目前为止已经完成的动作”，常与“by now”连用，译作：应当已经……（可能如此）。
He ough to have arrived in New York by now.
2.11.need：
2.11.1.在肯定句中need为一般动词，同样有人称和时态变化，之后接不定式或名词作宾语。
He needs to go.
The car needs to be cleaned=the car needs cleaning.
2.11.2.否定句中need与not连用，此时为助动词
He need not go.（need是助动词）
He doesn't need to go.（need是一般动词）
2.11.3.表过去状况时：
①didn't need to+原形动词表：当时不必（且也未如此做）
He didn't need to attend the party,so he stayed home.
②need not have+p.p.表：当时不必……（却做了）
He needn't have attended the party,but he went there just the same.（他本不必去，但是去了）
2.11.4.在疑问句中need作助动词和一般动词均可。
Need he go?=Does he need to go?
2.11.5.need在反意疑问句中的变化：
①一般动词He needs to go,doesn't he?（needs为一般动词）
He doesn't need to go,does he?
②助动词：
He need not go,need he?
2.12.dare可作助动词用于疑问句或否定句中。
Dare he go?他敢去吗？
He dare not go.他不敢去。
2.12.2.How dare+一般陈述句。……怎敢……?
How dare you say such a thing to me?
2.12.3.在whether从句中dare可作助动词，
I wonder whether he dare do it.
2.12.4.在肯定句中dare是一般动词，随时态和人称变化，之后接不定式。
He dares to go.
I dared to go.
2.12.5.dare not+原形动词不敢……。
He dare not answer the phone.=He doesn't dare (to) answer the phone.
2.12.6.dare也可作及物动词，表“向某人挑战”之意。
He dared me to jump the stream.
2.12.7.I daresay+that从句：我敢说……
I daresay he will be late again.
2.13.used to：
2.13.1.used to视为助动词，之后接原形动词，表过去曾经……
He used to live here.
2.13.2.ysed to在疑问句中的用法：
There used to be a pond in this garden.→Used there to be a pond in this garden?
注意当主语为人时，
He used to work hard.→Did he use to work hard?
2.13.3.在下列结构中used to非助动词而是一般动词use的过去分词：
①人+be used to(名词/动名词）某人习惯于……在此结构中used是形容词“习惯的”相当于accustomed，之后的to是介词，译作“对于”
He is used to working alone.
He hasn't( been/got)used to city life yet.
②物＋be used to+原形动词（被用来……），在此结构中used是过去分词，to为不定式。
The book can be used to teach us English writting.
③物+be used as…（被当作……来用）
The knife was used as a weapon
第二节易用错的动词
1.lay:vt.放置；生产（其后加宾语），动词变化：lay,laid,laid,laying可用被动语态be laid。
He lays a book on the desk.
A book has been laid on the desk.（被动语态）
1.1lie:vi.躺（不加宾语）词型变化为：lie,lay,lain,laying。不及物动词无被动语态，
He lay on the bed a while ago.他刚才躺在床上。
1.2.lie.vi.说谎（不加宾语）词型变化：lie,lied,lied,lying
Don't lie to me.
He lied to me.
2.sit,set,seat:
2.1sit vi.坐（不加宾语）词型变化为：sit,sat,sitting
He came in and sit down.
2.2.seat vt.使就坐（其后加宾语）及物动词，若无宾语时，用被动语态，词性变化：seat,seated,seated,seating。
John was seateated by the window,lookiking out at passersby.=John sat by the window,looking out at passers by.
May I seat you here?可以安排你坐这里吗？（表就座）
2.3.set vt.安置表“摆设”set,set,set,setting
He set the table for dinner.
3.raise,rise,arouse:
rise vi.起床，升起（其后不加宾语）
词型变化：rise,rose,risen,rising.
raise vt.举起，饲养
词型变化：raise,raised,raised,raising
arise vi.起因于（与from连用）
词型变化：arise,arose,arisen,arising。
arouse vt.激起
词型变化：arouse,aroused,aroused,arousing。
He rose at seven every morning.
The sun rises in the east.
Accidents arise from care lessnes.
Raise your hand,if you have any wuestions.
Many cattle are raised on his farm.
His bitter words aroused my anger.
4.hang:
①hang：挂 vi.&vt.词型变化hang,hung,hung,hanging。
②hang:吊死vt.词型变化hang,hanged,hanged,hanging。
The picture hangs on the wall.
The picture is hung on the wall.
They hsnged themurder yesterday.
5.fly,flow:
Fly: vi.飞，词型变化fly,flew,flown,flying。
The airplane flew high in the sky.
Flow:vi.流，词型变化flow,flowed,flowed,flowing。
This is the place from which the river flows.
The bird flew all the way here fromCanada.
6.take,bring:
Take（从此出处）拿走词型变化take,took,taken,taking
Bring（从别处）拿来词型变化bring,brought,brought,bringing
例：Take the book to the library,please.
Bring them back here.
Take it with you when you go there.
Bring it with you when you come here.
7.refuse:拒绝v.接名词，代词不定式作宾语，不能接动名词。
①refuse+名词
He refused my suggestion.
②refuse to+原形动词
He refused to go with me.
注意reject（排斥）与refuse相近，却接动名词作宾语。
He rejected working with Marybecause he thought she was too selfish.
Refuse不能接that从句。
He denied that he ha done it.=He refused to admit that he had done it.
8.spend:
人+spend+时间（或金钱）＋动名词/on+名词。
I spend all my income on books=I spend all my income buying books.
9.take,cost:
It takes (sb.)+时间＋to V.
It costs(sb.)+金钱＋to V.
It takes(one) two hours to go from here toParis.
It cost(me) fifteen dollars to buy the book.
10.answer,reply to:
He failed to answer her question.=He failed to reply to her question.
注意：answer可接that从句作宾语，而reply to不能接that从句作宾语，须删除介词to才能接that从句。
When asked if he would buy a car,John answered that he had no money.=When asked if he would buy acar,aJohn replied that he had no money.约翰被问到是否会买车，他回答没钱。
11.reach,get to,arrive in/at:
reach+宾语（到达……）＝arrive in/at（到达大地方/小地方）
等于get to+宾语
注意：①arrive in大地方（指城市、国家、地区等），arrive at小地方（指建筑物，如车站，邮局等）。
By the time I arrived at the station,the train had gone.
②与here.there,home等副词连用时，一律不加介词。
Igot/arrived/reched there at 12.
12.动词+介副词＋宾语＝动词＋宾语+介副词
We have to carry out the mission.=we have to carry the mission out.
注意：代词只能在动词和介副词中间。
We have to carry it out.
****此类结构的短语如下：
bring up 抚养 figure out 想出
Call down 斥责 give up 放弃
Call off 取消 put out 熄灭
Cross out 删去 take off 脱掉（衣服等）
Do over 重做 take over 接管
Talk over 商讨 pick up 拾起
Think over 考虑 put off 延期
Think up 设计 put on 穿上（衣服等）
Try on 试穿 （衣服等）try out试验（机器、想法等）
Hand in 交出 turn down拒绝
Look over 检查 turn in 交出
Look up查询（生词、电话号码等）turn off关上
Make out 了解 turn on 打开（开关等）
Pick out 挑选
13.动词+介词+宾语
I callon him yesterday.
结构类似的短语：
Call for 要求 go over复习
Come across=run into=meet…by chance偶遇
Look sfter照顾 look for寻找
Get over=recover from复原
Look into调查 get through 做完
Take after像
14.动词+介词＋名词（代词）的重要短语：
14.1.agree on…就（条约等）达成协议。
We finally agreed on the contract.=we reached an agreement on the contract.
14.2.agree to+事物（同意某事）
I agree to his coming here.
14.3agree with+sb.（同意某人）
I agreed him on this point.
14.4.consist of…包括……
This class consists of 10students.=this class is composted of 10students.=this class is made up of 10 students.
14.5.argue with sb.与某人争论
argue over sth.争论某事
approve of sth.赞同某事
complain about/of抱怨……
concent to同意
care for喜欢comment on评论
count on=depend on=rely on依赖
laugh at取笑
Hear from有…某人的的音讯，接到某人的来信
15.动词＋宾语+介词＋宾语的重要短语：
Add …to…
Add this number to that number.
Blame…for…
He blamed me for the fault.
Congratulate… on…
I congratulated him on his success.
He explained it to me.
He won't excuse me for being rude.
16.重要的三词及多词短语：
He fell in love with she.
He willget in touch with her when he got to New York.
He has made up his mind to study hard.=he has decided to study hard.
Take charge of=be in charge of负责
Take care of=look after照顾
Have coplete access to有完全使用权
Students have complete access to books in the libary.学生们可以任意使用图书馆的书。
I look forward to seeing you soon.我期盼很快能见到你。
17.prefer的用法：
17.1.prefer+名词/动名词+to+名词/动名词
I prefer going to the movies to watching TV.我喜欢看电影胜过看电视。
17.2.prefer to+原形动词+（instead of+动名词）/rather than +原形动词
I prefer to go to the movies instead of watching TV.=I prefer to go to the movied rather than watch TV.
18.mind的用法：
Mind+if从句=mind+动名词
Would you mind if I opened the door?=would you mind my opening the door?
19.动词+动名词的结构~下列动词只能接动名词不能接不定式：
Admit 承认 mention 提到
Avoid 避免 pardon 原谅
Appreciate 感激 miss 想念
Consider 考虑 practise＝practice练习
Delay 延期 quit 停止
Mind 介意 risk冒险
Deny 否认 postpone 推迟
Detest 憎恨 resent 愤恨
Enjoy 喜欢 regret 后悔
Escape逃避 keep 保持
Excuse 原谅 forgive 原谅
Finish 结束 imagine 想象
20.prevent sb. from V-ing阻止某人从事……
The heavy rain prevented me getting to work on time.
注意：以下动词与prevent结构相同：
Ban,prohibit,bar,stop,keep,save,restrain
特：forbid也表禁止不同的是不与from连用，而是forbid sb.to +V.
I forbid him to smoke here.
21.encourage sb.toV.鼓励某人从事……
Discourage sb. from V-ing使某人不敢从事……。
22.persuade sb. to aV劝某人去……
Persuade sb.from V-ing劝阻某人……
23.resemble sb./sth.像……
You resemble your brother.=you bear a close resemblance to your brother.=you look like your brother.
24.decide、determine:
24.1.decide表“决定”，作及物动词时，可接不定式和名词性从句作宾语，
I've decided to take a trip to Tokyo this summer.
I have ddecided on him as representative of our company.
We decided against John'sidea,thinking that it was not feasible.
24.2.determine①表“判定=judge”表“决定=decide”可用名词性从句或名词作宾语。
②过去分词determined作形容词用，表“下定决心的”be determined to V决心要……。
I'm determined to go on with the project even if I may run into many set backs.（即便可能会遇到许多挫折，我决心继续该项目）
25.afford:表“有能力买”、“有能力从事……”一定要与can或cannot连用，afford接不定式或名词作宾语。
Ican afford the car.=i can afford to buy the car.
26.wait&await
26.1.wait表“等候”vi.与for连用；但wait也可作及物动词用于下列短语中：
Wait one's turn等候某人的机会
I'mwaiting my turn to take revenge.
26.2.await表“等候……”为及物动词，后接表事物的名词作宾语。
Await sth=wait for sth
27.succeed&fail:
27.1succeed可作不及物动词，表“成功”，与介词in连用方。
He succeeded inbusiness after years of hard work.
How many of you have succeed in passing the test?
27.2.succeed也可作及物动词表“继承”，以人作宾语。
He succeeded his father as president of this company.
27.3.fail作不及物动词，表“失败”，后接不定式作副词修饰fail。
He fail to pass the test.
27.4.fail也可作及物动词，表“未通过考试”、“辜负某人”、“使某人不及格”
The teacher failed one-third students.
You are the only person i trust don'tfail me.
28.depend&depend on:
Depend不加宾语，表“依情形而定”；depend on加宾语，表“依赖……”
I depend on him to give me sdvice.
29.感官动词：Look /sound/smell/tast/feel其后只能接形容词，若要接名词，必须加like:
He looks happy.
He looks like a happy man.
30.意图动词的用法：表“设法”、“企图”的接不定式try to do/attempt to do/manage to do/endeavor to do。
I'll endeavor to save our company from going bankrupt.
31.anger&angry:
Anger是及物动词，表“使某人生气”
Angry是形容词表“生气的”，有如下用法：
Be sngry with+人 生某人的气
Be Angry at+物 气某物
He angered me=I was angered by him.=I was angry with him.
32.授予动词：授予动词有两个宾语，三种句型，意思完全相同。
①主语+授予动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（物）I asked him a question.
②主语+授予动词+直接宾语（物）+（to/for/of）+间接宾语（人）
I asked a question of him.
*a*ask/expect/require/demand用介词of;
*b*make /do/ leave/ buy用介词for;
Iplayed a joke on him.
③被动语态:人+be+授予动词过去分词＋宾语he was given a book(by me)
33.知觉动词：分三类，“看”，“听”，“感觉”，加宾语后再接原形动词或现在分词，用原形动词表强调“已发生的事实”；用现在分词表“正在……”
33.1.看：look at/see/watch/notice/behold
Isaw him cry.
I saw him crying.
33.2.听：listen to /hear
Iheard him talk.
I heard him talking.
33.3.感觉feel
Ifelt him leave.
Ifelt him leaving.
34.remember&forget®ret接不定式作宾语表未发生的，要……；接现在分词作宾语，表已经发生的，曾……。
I'll remember to see him.
II remember seeing him before.
Iforgot to see him.
Iforgot seeing him before.
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